With particular reference to recent developments (including some in communication-technology), this first of two papers explores the nature of 'language change' - its kinds, mechanisms and effects - ...and some attitudes towards it. It then suggests a case for teaching and learning about language change (bearing in mind, particularly, students in the 11-16 age range). The second paper, which will appear in Changing English 18:2, suggests approaches of two broad kinds and contexts: (1) as opportunities arise in undertaking other work; and (2) within planned, 'set-piece' activities. Extensive notes/references are offered as support to teachers.
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With particular reference to recent developments (including communication-technological), Part One considered the nature of language change - its kinds, mechanisms and effects - and of some attitudes ...towards it; and introduced a case for teaching and learning about it. Part Two recapitulates and develops that case (focusing particularly on lexis and grammar, and students aged 11-16 years); and suggests approaches of two broad kinds and contexts: (1) as opportunities arise whilst undertaking other work; and (2) within planned, 'set-piece' activities. As in Part One, extensive notes and references are offered.
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This article makes brief reference to the decline & recent revival of "grammar" in the English curriculum & considers some arguments for & against its inclusion. The latter entails exploring which ...grammar might be taught & learned. Finally, some consideration is given to how grammar might be effectively taught & to whom & to the research that is required. At a number of points in the article, reference is made to findings from a questionnaire administered to 125 teachers to gauge their experiences & views of such grammar issues. The respondents were 28 established secondary English teachers, 19 pre-qualified secondary English teachers with two substantial school experiences behind them, & 78 newly qualified primary specialists about to take up their first posts (PNQTs). These respondents constitute an opportunity sample drawn from some 26 schools & two training institutions. 81 References. Adapted from the source document
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Several instances of war crimes trials are familiar to all scholars, but in order to advance understanding of the development of international criminal law, it is important to provide a full range of ...evidence from less-familiar trials. This book therefore provides a comprehensive overview, uncovering and exploring some of the lesser-known war crimes trials that have taken place in a variety of contexts: international and domestic, northern and southern, historic and contemporary. It analyses these trials with a view to recognizing institutional innovations, clarifying doctrinal debates, and identifying their general relevance to contemporary international criminal law. At the same time, the book recognizes international criminal law's history of suppression or sublimation: What stories has the discipline refused to tell? What stories have been displaced by the ones it has told? Has international criminal law's framing or telling of these stories excluded other possibilities? And — perhaps most important of all — how can recovering the lost stories and imagining new narrative forms reconfigure the discipline?
This paper describes the origins, development and characteristics of a study course for teacher-education and industrial-design undergraduates. Starting from identification by a handful of staff of a ...range of student needs, the course developed an informal, gaming approach that encouraged pooling of and reflection on a wide range of participants' study practices. This approach was found to require, and indeed to prove inseparable from, a broader reflection on the roles and rules, processes, products and assessment of undergraduate study. Staff - staff and staff - student negotiations, stimulated by the processes of planning, delivering and reflecting upon this course, come to be seen as constituting a promising kind of staff and curriculum development.
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This paper explores the contexts, origins, nature and evaluation of a modular "Quality in FE" staff development programme, collaboratively designed by two LEA evaluation teams and a university ...department of education and "delivered" by the latter. Emphasis is placed on the accreditation/progression features of the programme; and its evaluation is reported. An embryonic "in-house consultancy" model is identified and its aptness to the current conjuncture, especially following the 1991 FE White Papers, is suggested.
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8.
Community Publishing as Self-Education Gregory, Gerry
WRITING IN THE COMMUNITY, Barton, David, & Ivanic, Roz Eds, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1991, pp 109-142,
01/0001
Book Chapter
The recent growth of community publishing in England, including "writer's workshops" & "people's history groups" is examined. Emphasis is on the impact of participation in these ventures. Despite the ...diversity of such groups, there is a widespread emphasis on publications of accounts that intended readers will recognize as somehow typical & representative of themselves. Participants in these programs achieve insight into the processes & problems of writing. The role of community publishing in collective self-education among the working class is also noted. 96 References. B. Annesser Murray
Summary Background Many countries now offer support to teenage mothers to help them to achieve long-term socioeconomic stability and to give a successful start to their children. The Family Nurse ...Partnership (FNP) is a licensed intensive home-visiting intervention developed in the USA and introduced into practice in England that involves up to 64 structured home visits from early pregnancy until the child's second birthday by specially recruited and trained family nurses. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of giving the programme to teenage first-time mothers on infant and maternal outcomes up to 24 months after birth. Methods We did a pragmatic, non-blinded, randomised controlled, parallel-group trial in community midwifery settings at 18 partnerships between local authorities and primary and secondary care organisations in England. Eligible participants were nulliparous and aged 19 years or younger, and were recruited at less than 25 weeks' gestation. Field-based researchers randomly allocated mothers (1:1) via remote randomisation (telephone and web) to FNP plus usual care (publicly funded health and social care) or to usual care alone. Allocation was stratified by site and minimised by gestation (<16 weeks vs ≥16 weeks), smoking status (yes vs no), and preferred language of data collection (English vs non-English). Mothers and assessors (local researchers at baseline and 24 months' follow-up) were not masked to group allocation, but telephone interviewers were blinded. Primary endpoints were biomarker-calibrated self-reported tobacco use by the mother at late pregnancy, birthweight of the baby, the proportion of women with a second pregnancy within 24 months post-partum, and emergency attendances and hospital admissions for the child within 24 months post-partum. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN23019866. Findings Between June 16, 2009, and July 28, 2010, we screened 3251 women. After enrolment, 823 women were randomly assigned to receive FNP and 822 to usual care. All follow-up data were retrieved by April 25, 2014. 304 (56%) of 547 women assigned to FNP and 306 (56%) of 545 assigned to usual care smoked at late pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio AOR 0·90, 97·5% CI 0·64–1·28). Mean birthweight of 742 babies with mothers assigned to FNP was 3217·4 g (SD 618·0), whereas birthweight of 768 babies assigned to usual care was 3197·5 g (SD 581·5; adjusted mean difference 20·75 g, 97·5% CI −47·73 to 89·23. 587 (81%) of 725 assessed children with mothers assigned to FNP and 577 (77%) of 753 assessed children assigned to usual care attended an emergency department or were admitted to hospital at least once before their second birthday (AOR 1·32, 97·5% CI 0·99–1·76). 426 (66%) of 643 assessed women assigned to FNP and 427 (66%) 646 assigned to usual care had a second pregnancy within 2 years (AOR 1·01, 0·77–1·33). At least one serious adverse event (mainly clinical events associated with pregnancy and infancy period) was reported for 310 (38%) of 808 participants (mother–child) in the usual care group and 357 (44%) of 810 in the FNP group, none of which were considered related to the intervention. Interpretation Adding FNP to the usually provided health and social care provided no additional short-term benefit to our primary outcomes. Programme continuation is not justified on the basis of available evidence, but could be reconsidered should supportive longer-term evidence emerge. Funding Department of Health Policy Research Programme.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude ...of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval UI: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
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