Conventional acidic catalysts for isobutane and isobutene alkylation exhibit low alkylate selectivity. Herein, we employed an acidic deep eutectic solvent, consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ...and taurine, in polyethylene glycol as the catalyst. Its high conversion rate and selectivity, as well as recyclability, make it suitable for alkylate gasoline preparation.
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is an important pest that affects rice (Oryza sativa) production in Asia. The flavone tricin (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxy flavone) is a valuable ...secondary metabolite commonly found in rice plants that can defend rice plants against infestation by BPH. BPH damage can reduce the metabolic level of tricin in rice. Our preliminary transcriptome research results showed that BPH salivary protein 7 (NlSP7), is highly responsive to tricin stimuli. However, the function of NlSP7 in mediating the interaction between the rice plant and the BPH is unknown. In this study, we cloned the NlSP7 gene in N. lugens and found that its mRNA level was greater in the presence of high tricin content than low tricin content, regardless of whether the BPHs were fed a rice plant diet or an artificial diet containing 100 mg/L tricin. Knocking down NlSP7 resulted in BPH individuals spending more time in the non-penetration and pathway phase, and less time feeding on the phloem of rice plants. These changes decreased BPH food intake, feeding behavior, and fitness, as well as the tricin content of the rice plants. These findings demonstrate that the salivary protein 7 of BPH functions as an effector for tricin metabolism in rice.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
It is critical to understand factors associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis. To track the evolutionary route of metastasis, here we perform an integrative genomic analysis of 163 ...matched blood and primary, regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis tumour samples, combined with single-cell RNA-seq on 11 samples from two patients. The mutation burden, gene mutation frequency, mutation signature, and copy number frequency are similar between metastatic tumours and primary and regional lymph node tumours. There are two distinct evolutionary routes of metastasis, including metastases evolved from regional lymph nodes (lymphatic route, 61.5%, 8/13) and from primary tumours (hematogenous route, 38.5%, 5/13). The hematogenous route is characterised by higher IFN-γ response gene expression and a higher fraction of exhausted CD8
T cells. Based on a radiomics model, we find that the hematogenous group has significantly better progression-free survival and PD-1 immunotherapy response, while the lymphatic group has a better response to locoregional radiotherapy.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCEGynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino (G. pentaphyllum) can be used for both medicinal and tea and has lipid-lowering properties. Modern research has shown that its ...main bioactive components are flavonoids and saponins. It has many beneficial effects such as hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory.AIMS OF THE REVIEWThis review aimed to summarize its anti-glycolipid metabolic models and mechanisms are reviewed to facilitate a deeper understanding of the mechanism in lowering lipids.MATERIALS AND METHODSInformation related to lipid lowering in G. pentaphyllum was collated by reviewing the relevant literature in the PubMed database from 1985 to 2023.RESULTSOnly 101 G. pentaphyllum compounds have been initially explored for their hypolipidemic activity. There are cell models, animal models and human subjects for lipid-lowering of it. It reduced triglyceride level via PPAR/UCP-1/PGC-1α/PRDM16 and (SREBP-1c)-ACC/FAS-CPT1 signal pathways. Cholesterol-lowering effects via (SREBP-2)-HMGCR, PCSK9-LDLR and bile acid biosynthetic pathways. Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key factor in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism in G. pentaphyllum. Other pathways of action of G. pentaphyllum in regulating glucolipid metabolism are also discussed in this paper.CONCLUSIONTo date, more than 328 saponins have been isolated and identified in Gynostemma. Further studies on these components, including molecular mechanisms and in vivo metabolic regulation, need to be further confirmed. G. pentaphyllum has the potential to be developed into drugs or functional foods, but further research is needed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Valproic acid (VPA) has been suggested to be a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI). Our present study revealed that VPA at 1 m
, which had no effect on cell proliferation, can significantly ...increase the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to cisplatin (DDP). VPA treatment markedly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of ABCA1, while had no significant effect on ABCA3, ABCA7 or ABCB10. Luciferase reporter assays showed that VPA can decrease the ABCA1 promoter activity in both A549 and H358 cells. VPA treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of SP1, which can bind to −100 and −166 bp in the promoter of ABCA1. While the phosphorylation of c-Fos and c-Jun were not changed in VPA treated NSCLC cells. Over expression of HDAC2 attenuated VPA induced down regulation of ABCA1 mRNA expression and promoter activities. Over expression of HDAC2 also attenuated VPA induced DDP sensitivity of NSCLC cells. These data revealed that VPA can increase the DDP sensitivity of NSCLC cells via down regulation of ABCA1 through HDAC2/SP1 signals. It suggested that combination of VPA and anticancer drugs such as DDP might be great helpful for treatment of NSCLC patients.
To identify genetic susceptibility loci for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the Chinese population, we carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 2,514 ...chronic HBV carriers (1,161 HCC cases and 1,353 controls) followed by a 2-stage validation among 6 independent populations of chronic HBV carriers (4,319 cases and 4,966 controls). The joint analyses showed that HCC risk was significantly associated with two independent loci: rs7574865 at STAT4, P(meta) = 2.48 × 10(-10), odds ratio (OR) = 1.21; and rs9275319 at HLA-DQ, P(meta) = 2.72 × 10(-17), OR = 1.49. The risk allele G at rs7574865 was significantly associated with lower mRNA levels of STAT4 in both the HCC tissues and nontumor tissues of 155 individuals with HBV-related HCC (P(trend) = 0.0008 and 0.0002, respectively). We also found significantly lower mRNA expression of STAT4 in HCC tumor tissues compared with paired adjacent nontumor tissues (P = 2.33 × 10(-14)).
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lung cancer is the chief reason of cancer death worldwide, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) make up the majority of lung cancers. Gypenosides are the main active constituents from Gynostemma ...pentaphyllum. Previous studies showed that they were used to remedy many cancers. The effect of gypenosides on NSCLC has never been studied from the perspective of network pharmacology and metabolomics. The mechanism is still not clear and remains to be explored.
To explore the anti-NSCLC activity and mechanism of gypenosides in A549 cells.
Gypenosides of G. pentaphyllum were detected by HPLC-MS. The cytotoxicity was detected by MTT assay. The migration, cell cycle and apoptosis of gypenosides were studied by wound healing assay, JC-1 assay and flow cytometry. The mechanism of gypenosides on NSCLC was studied by metabolomics and network pharmacology. Some key proteins and pathways were further confirmed by Western blot.
Eleven gypenosides were detected by HPLC-MS. Gypenosides could suppress the proliferation of A549 cells, inhibit the migration of A549 cells, induce apoptosis and arrest cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. Metabolomics and network pharmacology approach revealed that gypenosides might affect 17 metabolite related proteins by acting on 9 candidate targets (STAT3, VEGFA, EGFR, MMP9, IL2, TYMS, FGF2, HPSE, LGALS3), thus resulting in the changes of two metabolites (uridine 5′-monophosphate, D-4′-Phosphopantothenate) and two metabolic pathways (pyrimidine metabolism; pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis). Western blotting indicated that gypenosides might inhibit A549 cells through MMP9, STAT3 and TYMS to indirectly affect the pathways of pyrimidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis.
This study revealed that metabolomics combined with network pharmacology was conducive to understand the anti-NSCLC mechanism of gypenosides.
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•Effect of gypenosides against A549 cells was analyzed by metabolomics and network pharmacology.•Gypenosides affected 9 candidate targets and acted on 17 metabolite-related proteins.•Gypenosides might inhibit A549 cells through MMP9, STAT3 and TYMS to indirectly affect 2 metabolites and 2 pathways.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with antiangiogenic therapy reportedly have potential synergistic antitumor activity. We investigated the activity and safety of this regimen for ...recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
This single-arm, Simon two-stage study enrolled patients with recurrent/metastatic NPC who were refractory to at least first-line systemic therapy and treatment-naive to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The patients received camrelizumab 200 mg once every 3 weeks and apatinib 250 mg once per day. The primary end point was the objective response rate. Key secondary end points included disease control rate, progression-free survival, duration of response, overall survival, and safety.
Between October 14, 2020, and December 23, 2021, 58 patients were enrolled, and all were included in the efficacy and safety analysis set. The objective response rate was 65.5% (95% CI, 51.9 to 77.5), and the disease control rate was 86.2% (95% CI, 74.6 to 93.9). The median duration of response was not reached, and the median progression-free survival was 10.4 months (95% CI, 7.2 to 13.6), with a median follow-up duration of 12.4 months (range, 2.1-19.9 months). Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of grade 3 or higher were reported in 34 (58.6%) patients, with the most common being hypertension (19.0%), nasopharyngeal necrosis (15.5%), headache (12.1%), AST elevation (10.3%), and creatine phosphokinase elevation (10.3%). Sixteen (27.6%) patients discontinued apatinib treatment before progression because of unbearable TRAEs, and the most common complication was nasopharyngeal necrosis (9/16; 56.3%). Recurrent nasopharyngeal lesions (odds ratio, 5.94 95% CI, 1.45 to 24.24) and reirradiation (odds ratio, 5.33 95% CI, 1.15 to 24.79) were significantly positively correlated with nasopharyngeal necrosis.
Camrelizumab plus apatinib had promising antitumor activity in patients with refractory recurrent/metastatic NPC who failed first-line therapy. Moderate to severe TRAEs were experienced by 58.6%, including nasopharyngeal necrosis associated with local recurrence and a history of reirradiation.
Objectives
To establish a computed tomography (CT)–based scale to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.
Methods
This twin-centre retrospective study included 95 locally ...advanced thyroid cancer patients from the 1
st
centre as the training cohort and 31 patients from the 2
nd
centre as the testing cohort, who were categorised into the resectable and unresectable groups. Three radiologists scored the CT scans of each patient by evaluating the extension to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), trachea, oesophagus, artery, vein, soft tissue, and larynx. A 14-score scale (including all comprised structures) and a 12-score scale (excluding larynx) were developed. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the scales. Stratified fivefold cross-validation and external verification were used to validate the scale.
Results
In the training cohort, compromised RLN (
p
< 0.001), trachea (
p
= 0.001), oesophagus (
p
= 0.002), artery (
p
< 0.001), vein (
p
= 0.005), and soft tissue (
p
< 0.001) were predictors for unresectability, while compromised larynx (
p
= 0.283) was not. The 12-score scale (AUC = 0.882, 95%CI: 0.812–0.952) was not inferior to the 14-score scale (AUC = 0.891, 95%CI: 0.823–0.960). In subgroup analysis, the AUCs of the 12-score scale were 0.826 for treatment-naïve patients and 0.976 for patients with prior surgery. The 12-score scale was further validated with a fivefold cross-validation analysis, with an overall accuracy of 78.9–89.4%. Finally, external validation using the testing cohort showed an AUC of 0.875.
Conclusions
The researchers built a CT-based 12-score scale to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer. Validation with a larger sample size is required to confirm the efficacy of the scale.
Clinical relevance statement
This 12-score CT scale would help clinicians evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.
Key Points
•
The researchers built a 12-score CT scale (including recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, oesophagus, artery, vein, and soft tissue) to evaluate the resectability of locally advanced thyroid cancer.
•
This scale has the potential to help clinicians make treatment plans for locally advanced thyroid cancer.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
With the global prevalence of infectious diseases, the development of antimicrobial textiles has become imperative. In this study, a synergistic antibacterial powder of IZnO–SCSB was obtained by ...modifying zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS) and chitosan cinnamaldehyde Schiff base (SCSB). The powder was then mixed with a PET solution and a PET/IZnO–SCSB composite antibacterial fiber membrane was prepared using electrospinning. This composite fiber membrane demonstrates excellent mechanical properties, breathability, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial effects. The tensile strength and elongation at break were 2.4 MPa and 240.9%, respectively. When the membrane was loaded with 3 wt% of IZnO–SCSB, the antimicrobial rates against Gram-positive (
S. aureus
) and Gram-negative (
E. coli
) reached 99.80% and 97.08%, respectively. Therefore, this composite antibacterial fiber membrane has broad application prospects in antibacterial textiles such as masks and medical gauze.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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