•Capsaicinoids from chili plants have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.•In vitro and in vivo tests show capsaicinoids’ secondary effects topically.•Nano-sized delivered capsaicinoids show ...reduced secondary effects.•Nano-sized capsaicinoids show enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.•There are few in vitro and in vivo tests using nano-sized delivered capsaicinoids.
Capsaicinoids confer the pungency in chili peppers and are proven to contain many beneficial traits, among them analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Capsaicinoids produce a burning sensation when administered and have other secondary effects given their pungency. This is why many drug delivery vehicles have been tested to prove their efficacy in reducing the secondary effects of these compounds while still having its primary beneficial effects. There are many articles that talk about the formulation of drug delivery systems and their properties yet there is little information on the therapeutic effects of applying these drug delivery systems. This review is focused on studies’ results that prove efficacy of capsaicinoids specially in those that use them in nano-sized drug delivery systems. Nano-sized carriers have been proven to reduce the secondary effects of capsaicinoids while improving the bioavailability, absorption, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of these compounds.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a rich source of flavonoids and saponins with proven health benefits. Spray dried black bean extract powders were used in different formulations for the ...production of nutraceutical capsules with reduced batch-to-batch weight variability. Factorial designs were used to find an adequate maltodextrin-extract ratio for the spray-drying process to produce black bean extract powders. Several flowability properties were used to determine composite flow index of produced powders. Powder containing 6% maltodextrin had the highest yield (78.6%) and the best recovery of flavonoids and saponins (>56% and >73%, respectively). The new complexes formed by the interaction of black bean powder with maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose 50 and starch exhibited not only bigger particles, but also a rougher structure than using only maltodextrin and starch as excipients. A drying process prior to capsule production improved powder flowability, increasing capsule weight and reducing variability. The formulation containing 25.0% of maltodextrin, 24.1% of microcrystalline cellulose 50, 50% of starch and 0.9% of magnesium stearate produced capsules with less than 2.5% weight variability. The spray drying technique is a feasible technique to produce good flow extract powders containing valuable phytochemicals and low cost excipients to reduce the end-product variability.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Food by-products have been used as source of bioactive compounds with health benefits. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction has been a valuable technology to obtain a diversity of ...bioactive compounds with the use of safer solvents. This research focused on the comparison of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities of SC-CO2 and conventional extracts obtained from black bean by-products. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the effect of temperature, pressure, and co-solvent on the soyasaponins recovery. Total phenolic compounds (TPC) were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu. Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and anti-inflammatory response via nitric oxide (NO) assay were evaluated in vitro. The antihyperglycemic activity was evaluated using digestive enzymes. The highest soyasaponin extraction yield was obtained at 70 °C, 10 MPa and 10% co-solvent. SC-CO2 extracts exhibited up to 74.7% of CAA, an inhibition of 93.0% NO, 25.1% α-amylase, 78.7% α-glucosidase and 82.33 ± 5.80 of TPC. SC-CO2 extraction resulted in a feasible technology to obtain high-value compounds from industrial by-products to treat hyperglycemic, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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•SC-CO2 mixed with co-solvent is a feasible technique to obtain rich soyasaponins extracts from black bean by-products.•Recovery of Ba (V) and αg soyasaponins from black bean by-product extracts is favored at 70°C, 10 MPa and 10% co-solvent.•Extraction at 55 °C, 10 MPa and 5% co-solvent showed the highest extraction selectivity of Ba (V) and αg soyasaponins.•SC-CO2 with co-solvent is a feasible technique to obtain extracts with a higher content of TPC from black bean by-products.•The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities were correlated with soyasaponin Ba (V), αg and TPC.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Black beans (BB) are a rich source of carbohydrates and proteins, and an excellent source of antioxidants with potential pharmacological use. Decortication (D) and extrusion (Ext.) processes have ...been applied to different seed sources to diversify their use, while germination (G) have shown to improve bioavailability and potential health benefits of both starch and protein fractions. The focus of this work was to investigate the effects of decortication and germination of black beans and their combinations with thermoplastic extrusion on some functional and physicochemical characteristics as well as their effects on in vitro protein and starch digestion rates. The combination of germinated beans plus decortication and extrusion (BBGD + Ext. 145) resulted in higher water and oil absorption capacities (3.5 and 3.9 g/g, respectively), along with reduced trypsin inhibitor activity (from 0.4 to 0.1 TIU/mg). Overall, germination promoted a decrease on the starch content, whilst extrusion produced further depolymerization of amylose molecules. The comparative predicted glycemic indexes (pGI) of the black bean flour and the extruded counterpart (BBGD + Ext. 145) were 60 and 85%, respectively. ATR-FTIR analyses indicated molecular interactions between proteins and depolymerized starch molecules, which yielded moderate pGI, as well as the functional properties and improvements in protein digestibilities.
•Extrusion process promoted starch depolymerization and protein denaturation.•The extrusion enhanced molecular interactions between starch and protein.•Extrusion treatments applied to germinated and decorticated bean resulted in moderate glycemic indexes.•The inter:intra molecular associations among macromolecules drive their digestion behavior.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse chemical class with immense health benefits that are biosynthesized from the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine. This article reviews the progress for accessing ...variation in phenylpropanoids in germplasm collections, the genetic and molecular basis of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and the development of cultivars dense in seed-phenylpropanoids. Progress is also reviewed on high-throughput assays, factors that influence phenylpropanoids, the site of phenylpropanoids accumulation in seed, Genotype × Environment interactions, and on consumer attitudes for the acceptance of staple foods rich in phenylpropanoids. A paradigm shift was noted in barley, maize, rice, sorghum, soybean, and wheat, wherein cultivars rich in phenylpropanoids are grown in Europe and North and Central America. Studies have highlighted some biological constraints that need to be addressed for development of high-yielding cultivars that are rich in phenylpropanoids. Genomics-assisted breeding is expected to facilitate rapid introgression into improved genetic backgrounds by minimizing linkage drag. More research is needed to systematically characterize germplasm pools for assessing variation to support crop genetic enhancement, and assess consumer attitudes to foods rich in phenylpropanoids.
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has become an attractive bioprocess with potential application at industrial scale. It can be applied in tandem with agrifood by-products to produce nutraceutical ...compounds. This review paper describes the current applications of SSF as part of a pre-treatment process for enhancing the nutraceutical content of foods and agro-industrial by-products. Likewise, its advantages and drawbacks as compared with similar processes like submerged fermentation are discussed. The technological challenges that must be solved for a proper scalability of SSF, are also presented herein. In this sense, SSF is highlighted as an innovative tool that could aid in the design of future industrial scale bioprocesses for the production of nutraceutical compounds, adding value to agrifood by-products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Germination affected the phenolic and antioxidant capacity of black bean extracts.•Black bean seed coats bioactivity depended upon each processed extract.•Genistein was related with the activity ...against mammary cancer cells.•Flavonols and group B saponins were more related with hepatic and colon cancer.•Non-glycosilated flavonols were related with antioxidant capacity.
Flavonoids and saponins from common beans have been widely studied due to their bioactivity. This research evaluated the effect of germination of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on the antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines of saponins and flavonoids extracted from seed coats, cotyledons and sprouts. Principal component analysis was performed to achieve punctual associations between the black bean saponins and flavonoids concentrations to the antioxidant capacity and the antiproliferative activities. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of extracts were higher when obtained from seed coats, mainly from the 3rd germination day. The extracts obtained from seed coats after 3 and 5 germination days inhibited all cancer cell lines proliferation with no cytotoxicity against control cells. Genistein was related with the activity against mammary cancer cells but flavonols and group B saponins were more related with hepatic and colon cancers. Non-glycosilated flavonols were related with antioxidant capacity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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•Extraction of flavonoids from O. ficus-indica was accomplished using SC-CO2.•3-Methyl Quercetin was preferentially extracted at 400bar, 35°C and 100g/min.•Pressure had the highest ...effect in the O. ficus-indica extract yield.•Pressure had the highest effect on isorhamnetin recovery from O. ficus-indica.
Flavonoids from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technique. A central composite design was used to evaluate the influence of pressure, temperature and flow rate on the total extract yield and the isorhamnetin recovery. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-pentoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-pentoside were the most abundant flavonoids in O. ficus-indica supercritical extracts. Pressure had a significant effect on the extraction yield and isorhamnetin recovery, particularly a quadratic response was observed for extraction yield. A similar flavonoids profile than the observed for the methanolic extract or after alkaline hydrolysis was obtained with the following conditions: 50°C, 300bar and a CO2 flow rate of 80g/min. SC-CO2 technique allowed the preferential extraction of 3-O-methyl-quercetin at 400bar, 35°C, and a flow rate of 100g/min. This report shows the potential uses of SC-CO2 as an alternative solvent free methodology to extract high value ingredients from natural sources.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Concentrated agave sap is a product with in vivo proven hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activities, as well as in vitro anticancer potential. In the present work, a factorial design was used to ...determine the suitable drying conditions of concentrated agave by studying the effect of inlet temperature (150 °C, 180 °C and 210 °C) and the type of carrier agent (maltodextrin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, guar gum and xanthan gum). The response variables for each treatment were the product recovery and microencapsulated saponins. Further characterization of concentrated agave powders was performed: solubility in water, hygroscopicity, moisture content, tap density, bulk density, Carr’s index followability and morphology by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The hydroxypropyl methylcellulose proved to improve physicochemical properties and enhance product yield, using 210 °C inlet temperature and a mix of carrier agents of maltodextrin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/xanthan gum at 50/48.5/1.5 (w/w/w) proportion exhibited the highest saponin recovery of 53.81%. Moreover, different carrier agents in powders revealed two shapes, regular spherical shape with smooth surface and collapsed shapes. The use of polymers excipients helped to decrease the stickiness of the desired product and enhanced the powder stability and microencapsulation of the steroidal saponins.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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