Bioactive peptides from nuts: A review Acevedo‐Juárez, Sheccid; Guajardo‐Flores, Daniel; Heredia‐Olea, Erick ...
International journal of food science & technology,
April 2022, 2022-04-00, 20220401, Volume:
57, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Summary
Oxidative stress occurs because of an imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species. Nuts are rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, tannins, and phytosterols. ...Although nuts are widely consumed because of their beneficial effects on nutrition and health, there is limited information about bioactive peptides from nuts. Pine nut and walnut‐derived peptides are the most studied because these nuts contain a higher amount of protein. Different biological activities have been demonstrated for nut peptides; many of them exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antiseizure, or neuroprotective activity. Recent studies have focused on increasing the bioactivity of identified bioactive peptides by applying new technologies and chemosynthetic strategies. Research tendency points to the generation of peptides with specific sequences for application in specific diseases. Nut bioactive peptides can become key functional ingredients for food, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics.
Nuts are rich in bioactive peptides that exhibit different biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antiseizure, and neuroprotective. Nut bioactive peptides can become key functional ingredients for food, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
In a non‐conventional lab‐scale fermentation of cocoa beans using probiotic microorganisms and substituting the cocoa pulp for fruit pulp, physicochemical, microbiological and quality ...parameters were investigated. Two hundred grams of beans were fermented in a controlled environmental chamber (temperature ramp rate of 25°C for 48 h; 35°C for 48 h and 45°C for 48 h; and 65% HR). pH, titratable acid, citric, lactic and acetic acids, as well as sugars and ethanol were measured. A cut test was also performed on the cocoa beans fermented 5 and 6 days. As the fermentation time progressed, citric acid concentration decreased until 0.53 g kg−1, whereas both lactic and acetic acids increased until 0.44 and 16.58 g kg−1, respectively. Sucrose content decreased from 12.26 g kg−1 (in fresh) to 6.54 g kg−1 on the 6th day. Fructose and glucose contents increased in the cotyledons from day five, reaching a maximum concentration of 1.14 and 1.01 g kg−1, respectively, on day six. Yeasts were the main microorganisms during the first 24–48 h (8.4 log CFU g−1), while bacterial counts reached its highest number (7.8 log CFU g−1) on day four. Beans fermented 5 and 6 days resulted in more fermented beans (>81%) and less violet ones (<18.4%) than the control.
Effects of a non‐conventional fermentation of cocoa beans using probiotic microorganisms and substituting the mucilage for fruit pulps on the physicochemical, microbiological, and quality of the fermented and benefited cocoa beans.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Bioactive compounds of black bean extract were loaded into cancer-derived exosomes for the first time.•Multiple compounds were loaded in exosomes in a single-step ...process.•Natural-occurring soyasaponins from black bean extract improve the loading efficiency of compounds into exosomes.•The antiproliferative activity of the black bean phytochemicals is improved when delivered by exosomes.
Exosomes are a subpopulation of membrane-derived cellular vesicles (30−150 nm) that play an important role in intercellular communication. Because of their natural function as nanocarriers, several applications have been developed for these nanovesicles, including drug delivery. Here we loaded saponins and flavonoids obtained from a black bean extract (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with antiproliferative activity into exosomes extracted from different cell lines to induce an enhanced response in vitro. We demonstrated that exosomes can be loaded with at least three different phytochemicals in a one-step process to deliver these compounds to recipient cells. Moreover, we found that the bioactivity of the exosomal extract is greater than those observed in other formulations of the same extract. Our results suggest that exosomes are a promising alternative for improved delivery of complex mixtures of bioactive compounds, such as plant extracts. Therefore, future applications for these nanovesicles may include the development of new products for human use with enhanced nutraceutical properties.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Pseudocereal Chenopodium berlandieri spp. (huauzontle) was evaluated to determine saponin composition. Saponins were evaluated in raw and germinated grains subjected to chemical stress induced by ...sodium selenite. Analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with ELSD detector revealed the presence of 12 saponins, identified according to compounds previously assayed in Chenopodium quinoa. Saponins found at the highest concentrations in raw grains were derived from oleanolic and phytolaccagenic acids. Total saponin concentration significantly decreased in germinated compared to raw grains due to the significant loss of 90.1% and 95.7% of the phytolaccagenic acid without and with chemical selenium stress, respectively. The most abundant saponin in germinated sprouts decreased during normal germination. Interestingly, the concentration of this particular saponin significantly increased during the Se‐induced stress germination. Chemical stress with selenium salts proved to change the saponin composition in geminated Chenopodium berlandieri spp. grains, therefore affecting their potential use as ingredient in the food industry.
Practical Application
Saponins have been related to many health‐promoting benefits such as antifungal, anti‐inflammatory, and proapoptotic activities. Chenopodium berlandieri spp. (huauzontle) grains are a good source of triterpenoid saponins, while chemical stress with selenium salts showed to change the saponin composition in geminated Chenopodium berlandieri spp. grains, therefore affecting their potential for product development in the food, pharmacological, or cosmetic industries.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Encapsulation increases bioavailability, solubility and stability of phenolic compounds.•Liposomes increase phenolics permeability and skin penetration.•Physicochemical properties of ...liposomes influence the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of phenolics.•The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities downregulate skin related diseases.
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites present in plants which possess ideal structural characteristics for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These compounds are usually stable and bioactive in plants but after the extraction, they are susceptible to degradation as they are very sensitive to light and heat. They are also characterized by having a low solubility, bioavailability and rapid metabolization. In order to increase the compound bioavailability and solubility, liposomes are an efficient way to encapsulate the compounds. This encapsulation prevents the rapid degradation and acts as a control to regulate the release of these compounds. In this review, factors which intervene in the efficacy of liposomes will be shown by in vitro and in vivo assays as the size of liposomes, phase transition temperature, pH, zeta potentials, fluidity of bilayer, charge, bioaccessibility and low toxicity. Also, the cosmetic application of phenolic compounds against diseases will be discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Dehulled and/or germinated black bean flours were physicochemically characterized, including pasting properties, along with the trypsin inhibitor and antioxidant phenolics. To our best knowledge, ...this is the first study that, using nonparametric correlations and principal component analysis, identifies the parameters affecting the pasting properties of germinated black bean flour. The carbohydrate loss observed after black bean germination was indirectly correlated with the crude fiber content. Therefore, germination increased the protein and crude fiber contents compared with raw seeds (from 19.1 and 2.4% to 24.0 and 5.1%, respectively). Additionally, the highest protein digestibility was obtained in dehulled germinated black bean flour (78.4%), followed by whole germinated seed flour (74.1%). The dehulling process increased the total starch content 13.5 and 18.8% compared with raw and germinated whole bean flours, respectively. Dehulling decreased both trypsin inhibitor activity and antioxidant phenolics. Germination reduced by twofold the peak and final viscosities of black bean flours. Interestingly, both viscosities were negatively correlated with protein and positively correlated with fat and insoluble dietary fiber. Although resistant starch content was not affected by germination or dehulling, its interactions with fat and insoluble dietary fiber were responsible of the changes observed in pasting properties of germinated black bean flour.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
In the present study, we evaluated UV‐C radiation and germination treatments as an approach to increase the concentration of bioactive molecules in black bean seed coats. Black beans were ...germinated for 20 h under UV‐C radiation. Germination rate was higher in seeds radiated with UV‐C light compared with the control (nonirradiated seeds). Flavonoid content was increased twofold in seed coats of beans germinated for 10 h under UV‐C compared with the control. Quercetin‐3O‐glucoside was the major flavonoid identified in stressed seed coats. Furthermore, the application of UV‐C radiation during germination increased the content of soyasaponin Af, Ba, and αg, and it induced the de novo biosynthesis of soyasaponins (phaseoside I, soyasaponin deacetyl Af, and soyasaponin deactyl Ah) not present in the control. Germination of black beans under UV‐C radiation was an effective and simple approach to increase the concentration of bioactive molecules in black bean seed coats.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Isorhamnetin and phenolic profiles were dependent on the conditions used.•Cellular antioxidant activity was positively correlated to IGR and luteolin.•The best results were obtained ...by using Rapidase a cheap industrial enzyme.•Optimal conditions for IGR were Rapidase at 100 bar, 60 °C and 20 % of ethanol.•Highest CAA were obtained using Rapidase RUN 2 at 40 min of extraction process.
A one-pot enzymatic assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was used to obtain isorhamnetin conjugates from Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill (nopal). Box-Benhken design, discriminate analysis and principal component analysis were used to studt the influence of pressure, temperature, aqueous ethanol solution and time on the total extraction yield and the isorhamnetin conjugates recovery using the enzymes Rapidase Maxi Fruit (Rapidase) and Viscozyme. Isorhamnetin tri- and diglycoside were found in the extracts along with other phenolic compounds such as 3-O-methyl quercetin, 3-O-methyl kaempferol and luteolin. The isorhamnetin and phenolic profile patterns were dependent on the conditions used. Cellular antioxidant activity was positively correlated to isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnoside and luteolin content. The best results were obtained by using Rapidase, a currently used enzyme for the winemaking industry. The use of enzymes under SC-CO2 conditions affected the release of isorhamnetin conjugate profiles which induced remarkable differences in the cellular antioxidant activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). NDs are characterized by progressive damage and death of nerve cells accompanied by high levels of inflammatory ...biomarkers and oxidative stress conditions. Punicic acid, the main bioactive component of pomegranate (
) seed oil, is an omega-5 isomer of conjugated α-linoleic acid that has shown strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that contributes towards its positive effect against a wide arrange of diseases. Punicic acid decreases oxidative damage and inflammation by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In addition, it can reduce beta-amyloid deposits formation and tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing the expression of GLUT4 protein and the inhibition of calpain hyperactivation. Microencapsulated pomegranate, with high levels of punicic acid, increases antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Likewise, encapsulated pomegranate formulations with high levels of punicic acid have shown an increase in the antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Because of the limited brain permeability of punicic acid, diverse delivery formulations have been developed to enhance the biological activity of punicic acid in the brain, diminishing neurological disorders symptoms. Punicic acid is an important nutraceutical compound in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease.
Medicinal plants possess natural compounds that can be used as an alternative for synthetic medicines that may cause long-term side effects on patients such as neurocognitive effects, muscular and ...hepatic toxicity. Metabolic Syndrome is associated with increased risk of several diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension thus, becoming the greatest challenge as a growing public health concern worldwide. Latin-American countries possess a wide diversity of medicinal plants that have been used to treat different health conditions since pre-Hispanic times.
spp. has been studied due to their beneficial properties mainly to treat diabetes, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and digestive problems. This review gives an update mainly on the pharmacological activities of the
spp., summarizing the biological activities and plausible mechanism of action of their bioactive components toward metabolic syndrome. For instance, flavonoids and tannins proved to increase the levels of HDL and reduced the levels of VLDL, LDL. On the other hand, phenolic acids improved glucose metabolism through the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and reestablished the impaired activity of enzymes related to glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis. The terpenes and sesquiterpenes like β-farnese, β-pinene, and calamenene exhibited a protective effect by reducing the oxidizing damage by the regulation of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Saponins controlled the dyslipidemia by reducing the serum concentrations of lipids, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Finally, the aerial parts of
had the capacity of inhibiting dietary carbohydrate digestive enzymes, thus controlling glucose levels. The
plant is normally consumed as an infusion to obtain the benefits of the plants, however novel technologies such as cavitation, ultrasound assisted, microwave assisted, and supercritical fluid have been applied to improve the extraction yields and selectivity of bioactive compounds. The common treatment to control diabetic dyslipidemia are synthetic medicines such as metformin and ezetimibe, which allows the regulation of glucose, cholesterol and insulin resistance. However, patients that take these medications may present side effects such as muscular toxicity, hepatic toxicity, neurocognitive effects, just to name a few. More studies regarding the efficacy and safety of the use of traditional medicinal herbs are required. However, these materials may be used in the treatment of diabetes related conditions to ensure life quality and reduce side effects among the diabetic population.
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