Aim
To assess the effect of immersion in distilled water or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) on the solubility, volumetric change and presence of voids of calcium silicate‐based root canal sealers ...(TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio‐C), in comparison with the gold standard epoxy resin‐based sealer (AH Plus).
Methodology
All properties were evaluated after immersion in distilled water or PBS. Solubility was determined by the percentage of mass loss, whereas volumetric change and presence of voids were evaluated by micro‐computed tomography, after 7 days of immersion. The volumetric change and percentage of voids between the baseline (after setting) and the experimental period were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and Tukey's or Student's t‐tests (α = 0.05).
Results
The calcium silicate‐based sealers had significantly greater solubility and volumetric loss than AH Plus, after immersion in distilled water or PBS (P < 0.05). Bio‐C had the greatest solubility (P < 0.05), followed by TotalFill BC and Sealer Plus BC, which were similar (P > 0.05). Regarding the volumetric change, AH Plus had a volume increase, with similar values in distilled water and PBS (P > 0.05). TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio‐C had a similar volumetric change (P > 0.05). The calcium silicate‐based materials had the greatest solubility and volume loss after immersion in distilled water (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the percentage of voids amongst the sealers, before and after immersion in distilled water or PBS (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
TotalFill BC, Sealer Plus BC and Bio‐C had significantly greater solubility and volumetric loss than AH Plus. Although storage in PBS significantly reduced the solubility and volumetric change of calcium silicate‐based sealers, their solubility remained above that recommend by ISO 6876. All the sealers evaluated had low and similar voids, even after immersion in distilled water or PBS.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To analyse the antimicrobial and biological properties of a new bioceramic intracanal medicament (Bio‐C Temp), and to compare it with two calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medicaments (Calen® ...and UltraCal® XS).
Methodology
The direct contact and the crystal violet tests were performed to assess the antimicrobial activity of intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. The cytocompatibility and the effect of the medication on the biology of the human osteoblast‐like cell line (Saos‐2) were evaluated with methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT), neutral red, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization (alizarin red) assays. The data were analysed using one‐way anova and Tukey’s tests, two‐way anova and Bonferroni’s tests, or Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests (α = 0.05).
Results
Bio‐C Temp had significantly less antibacterial activity and biofilm biomass reduction than the other intracanal medicaments (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the viability of Saos‐2 exposed to the various intracanal medicaments, except regarding the 1 : 2 dilution, when the Bio‐C Temp group had significantly lower cell viability than the UltraCal® XS and Calen® groups (P < 0.05). Bio‐C Temp induced significantly greater ALP activity than the other intracanal medicaments (P < 0.05) at day 1. Calen® induced significantly greater deposition of mineralized nodules than the other intracanal medicaments (P < 0.05), and no difference was observed between Bio‐C Temp and UltraCal® XS (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Bio‐C Temp had similar cytocompatibility at higher dilutions, and higher or similar induction of ALP activity and deposition of mineralized nodules in comparison with Calen® and UltraCal® XS. However, it had significantly less antibacterial and antibiofilm activity than Calen® and UltraCal® XS.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate the periodontium response to tricalcium silicate (TCS) with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) or niobium oxide (Nb2O5) used in the sealing of perforated pulp chamber floors in rat maxillary ...molars.
Methodology
In eighty rats, the perforations in right maxillary molars were filled with either TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5, White MTA (used as a gold standard material) or no repair material was placed (Sham Group, SG); the left molars of SG, were used as controls (CG). Sections of maxillary fragments following 7, 15, 30 and 60 days were used to evaluate the volume densities of inflammatory cells (VvIC) and fibroblasts (VvFb), width of the periodontal space, amount of collagen, number of osteoclasts and number of IL‐6‐immunostained cells. The data were subjected to two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05).
Results
At all periods, significant differences in VvIC were not detected among TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA groups, which had values significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the SG. Significant differences in the number of IL‐6‐immunolabelled cells were not observed among TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA groups (P > 0.05) at 15, 30 and 60 days. At 7, 15 and 30 days, the number of osteoclast was significantly greater in TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA (P < 0.05) than in the CG; no significant difference was detected after 60 days (P > 0.05). The width of the periodontal space and amount of collagen in TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 groups were similar to the CG at 30 and 60 days while SG specimens had a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the amount of collagen and significant increase (P < 0.05) in the width of the periodontal space.
Conclusions
TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 were associated with periodontium repair since these materials allowed the reestablishment of periodontal space width and collagen formation when used in the filling of uninfected perforations in the pulp chamber floor of maxillary rat molars. Furthermore, the significant reduction in the periodontal space of TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 specimens after 60 days confirmed that the experimental materials were associated with a more rapid recovery of the injured tissues than MTA.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To compare the bioactivity of Biodentine (BIO, Septodont), MTA Plus (MTA P, Avalon) and calcium silicate experimental cement (CSC) with resin (CSCR) associated with zirconium (CSCR ZrO2) or ...niobium (CSCR Nb2O5) oxide as radiopacifiers.
Methodology
According to the relevance of osteoblastic cell response for mineralized tissue repair, human osteoblastic cells (Saos‐2) were exposed to test materials and assessed for viability (MTT), cell proliferation, gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) osteogenic marker by real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR), ALP activity assay and alizarin red staining (ARS) to detect mineralization nodule deposition in osteogenic medium. Unexposed cells acted as the control group (C). Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and the Bonferroni post‐test (P < 0.05).
Results
All tested cements showed dose‐dependent responses in cell viability (MTT). Exposed cells revealed good viability (80–130% compared to the control group) in the highest dilutions of all types of cement. MTA P, BIO and CSCR ZrO2 significantly increased the velocity of cell proliferation after three days of cell exposure in the wound‐healing assay (P < 0.05), which corroborated MTT data. On day 3, the ALP transcript level increased, especially to CSCR Nb2O5 (P < 0.05). All cements exhibited suitable ALP enzyme activity, highlighting the 7‐day period of cell exposure. ARS, CSCR Nb2O5, revealed a significant potential to induce mineralization in vitro.
Conclusions
All materials had suitable biocompatibility and bioactivity. The MTA P, BIO and CSCR ZrO2 groups had the highest viability rates and velocity of proliferation whilst the CSCR Nb2O5 group produced more mineralized nodules.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate the physicochemical and mechanical properties of Portland cement‐based experimental sealers (ES) with different radiopacifying agents (zirconium oxide and niobium oxide micro‐ and ...nanoparticles) in comparison with the following conventional sealers: AH Plus, MTA Fillapex and Sealapex.
Methodology
The materials were tested for setting time, compressive strength, flow, film thickness, radiopacity, solubility, dimensional stability and formaldehyde release. Data were subjected to anova and Tukey tests (P < 0.05).
Results
MTA Fillapex had the shortest setting time and lowest compressive strength values (P < 0.05) compared with the other materials. The ES had flow values similar to the conventional materials, but higher film thickness (P < 0.05) and lower radiopacity (P < 0.05). Similarly to AH Plus, the ES were associated with dimensional expansion (P > 0.05) and lower solubility when compared with MTA Fillapex and Sealapex (P < 0.05). None of the endodontic sealers evaluated released formaldehyde after mixing.
Conclusion
With the exception of radiopacity, the Portland cement‐based experimental endodontic sealers presented physicochemical properties according to the specifications no 57 ANSI/ADA (ADA Professional Product Review, 2008) and ISO 6876 (Dentistry — Root Canal Sealing Materials, 2012, British Standards Institution, London, UK). The sealers had setting times and flow ability that was adequate for clinical use, satisfactory compressive strength and low solubility. Additional studies should be carried out with the purpose of decreasing the film thickness and to determine the ideal ratio of radiopacifying agents in Portland cement‐based root canal sealers.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate the cytotoxicity and the mechanism of cell aggression of peracetic acid (PA) in comparison with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
Methodology
L929 fibroblasts were exposed to 1% PA and ...2.5% NaOCl, at several dilutions for 10 min. The following parameters were evaluated: cell metabolism by methylthiazol tetrazolium assay, external morphology by scanning electron microscopy, ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy, the cytoskeleton by means of actin and α‐tubulin labelling, and the type of cell death by flow cytometry (apoptosis/necrosis). The data were analysed by two‐way anova and the Bonferroni post‐test (α = 0.05).
Results
The PA group had lower cell viability and a higher percentage of necrotic cells than the NaOCl group (P < 0.05). Both solutions diminished cell metabolism, led to destructuring of the cytoskeleton, created changes in the external morphology, resulted in the accumulation of proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and induced cell death predominantly by necrosis. However, these changes were observed in lower doses of PA when compared with NaOCl.
Conclusions
Although they had the same mechanism of cytotoxicity, 1% PA had greater cytotoxic potential than 2.5% NaOCl.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To assess the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) gel or NaOCl solutions with surfactants, and the effect of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on penetration into dentinal tubules.
...Methodology
Bovine incisor root canals were instrumented, the roots sectioned and the dentine blocks obtained were stained with crystal violet. Dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to 3% NaOCl gel or 3% NaOCl solution for 10 and 20 min. Other dentine blocks (n = 10 per group) were exposed to Chlor‐Extra (6% NaOCl + surfactant), 6% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl with 0.2% cetrimide and 2.5% NaOCl for 10 and 20 min. The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was measured in micrometres by viewing the bleached crystal violet under a stereomicroscope. Additionally, bovine incisor root canals, instrumented and stained with crystal violet, were distributed into two groups (n = 10) and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl with PUI or conventional syringe irrigation (CSI). The penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules was assessed 3 and 7 mm from the apex. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05).
Results
There was significantly greater penetration of 3% NaOCl solution into dentinal tubules compared with the gel form (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between 6% NaOCl and Chlor‐Extra, and between 2.5% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl + cetrimide. PUI significantly increased the penetration depth of NaOCl into dentinal tubules when compared with CSI (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
In extracted bovine incisors, NaOCl gel penetrated less into dentinal tubules than NaOCl solution. The addition of surfactants did not increase the penetration depth. The use of PUI significantly increased NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate antibiofilm activity against Enterococcus faecalis, pH and solubility of AH Plus, Sealer 26, Epiphany SE, Sealapex, Activ GP, MTA Fillapex (MTA‐F) and an experimental MTA‐based Sealer ...(MTA‐S).
Methodology
Sealer samples were manipulated and stored for 2 or 7 days. Prepared sealers were evaluated by a modified direct contact test (DCT) for 5 h, 10 h or 15 h with biofilm previously induced on bovine dentine for 14 days. In the control group, the biofilm was not exposed to the sealers. The number of colony‐forming units (CFU mL−1) in the remaining biofilm was determined. Sealer solubility was assessed by the percentage of mass loss after 15 h of immersion in distilled water. Sealer pH was measured at 5 h, 10 h and 15 h. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn or anova and Tamhane's T2 tests, at 5% significance.
Results
At 2 days post‐manipulation, the DCT showed that Sealapex and MTA‐F were associated with a reduction in the number of bacteria in all 3 contact periods evaluated, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). At 7 days, Sealapex had the greatest antibiofilm action at 10 h and 15 h. Sealapex had the highest pH values 2 and 7 days post‐manipulation. Regarding the solubility, at 2 days the highest values were observed for MTA‐F, MTA‐S, Sealapex and Activ GP (P < 0.05). At 7 days, MTA‐S and MTA‐F had greater solubility than the other materials (P < 0.05). AH Plus had the lowest solubility for both post‐manipulation periods (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Sealapex and MTA‐F were associated with a reduction in the number of bacteria in biofilms and had greater solubility. The high solubility and pH may be related to the antibacterial activity of these materials.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To investigate the cytotoxicity, osteogenic bioactivity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) induced ...by the extracts of set MTA Plus (MTA P) (Avalon Biomed Inc. Bradenton, FL, USA) in comparison with MTA (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs).
Methodology
Cell viability was assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymatic (MTT) assay, and the mechanism of cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry. Bioactivity was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and detection of calcium deposits with alizarin red staining (ARS). The gene expression of BMP‐2, OC and ALP was quantified with real‐time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Bonferroni or Tukey post‐test (α = 0.05).
Results
MTA and MTA P were not cytotoxic and did not induce apoptosis. MTA P had significant higher ALP activity in relation to MTA and the control (P < 0.05). MTA had a significantly higher percentage of mineralized area than MTA P (P < 0.05). The expression of BMP2 and OC mRNA was significantly higher in cells exposed to MTA than MTA P after 1 day (P < 0.05). At day 3, the mRNA expression of ALP was significantly higher in MTA P compared with MTA (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
MTA and MTA Plus were noncytotoxic, increased mineralization processes in vitro and induced the expression of osteogenic markers.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Aim
To evaluate the influence of the addition of microparticulate (micro) and nanoparticulate (nano) zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) to a calcium silicate‐based cement (CS) on ...the subcutaneous healing process in rats compared with MTA Angelus™.
Methodology
In each rat, two polyethylene tubes filled with the following materials: (i) MTA; (ii) CS + ZrO2micro; (iii) CS + ZrO2nano; (iv) CS + Nb2O5micro or (v) CS + Nb2O5nano were implanted subcutaneously; empty polyethylene tubes were used in the Control group. After 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the specimens (n = 5 per group in each period) were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Masson's trichrome sections were used to obtain the volume density of the inflammatory cells (VvIC) and fibroblasts (VvFb). The sections were also stained with Picrosirius‐red to calculate the birefringent collagen content. Fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1) was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the number of immunolabelled cells was obtained. The data were subjected to two‐way anova followed by Tukey's test (P ≤ 0.05).
Results
At all periods, the VvIC was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in all the CS and Control groups than in the MTA group. At all periods, the VvFb was reduced significantly (P = 0.023) in the MTA group in comparison with the other groups. In addition, the number of immunolabelled cells in the capsules of the CS groups was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in the MTA group at all time‐points.
Conclusions
The experimental materials (CS + ZrO2 and CS + Nb2O5) induced fibroblast proliferation and accelerated the regression of the inflammatory reaction. However, the addition of nanoparticulate radiopacifiers did not improve the biological properties of a calcium silicate‐based cement when compared to microparticulate agents.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF