The complex immune tumour microenvironment requires an equally complex immunotherapy approach, especially when the cancer-immune set point is non-inflamed. Oncolytic viruses expressing immune ...activating cytokines might optimally modify the immune microenvironment and improve the antitumour effects. In this study, we have explored a variety of IL-2 constructs expressed by a tumour-selective oncolytic vaccinia virus, designed to maintain IL-2 in the tumour microenvironment to reduce systemic toxicity. An IL-2 construct combining a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor with a rigid peptide linker leads to functional IL-2 expression on the tumour cell surface and in the tumour microenvironment. This virus construct effectively modifies the cancer-immune set point and treats a variety of murine tumour models with no toxic side effects. In combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade this virus cures most of the mice with a high tumour burden. This combination represents a treatment for cancers which are to date unresponsive to immunotherapy.
•A chemomechanical coupled damage model for fracture behavior inside NCM polycrystalline particles is proposed.•The simulated crack morphology, distribution, and branching are consistent with the ...experiments.•Go-and-wait propagation mode is obtained by calculated damage dissipation energy.•Increasing the C-rates brings two different aggravating effects to the fracture of secondary particles.•The holes and island particles observed in many experiments are captured for the first time.
The degradation of secondary particles caused by intergranular fracture is an important reason for the capacity fading of LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM) polycrystalline electrodes. In this study, a chemomechanical damage model was established to implement a simulation of fracture behavior under different fracture energies, interfacial strengths and C-rates. Cohesive elements were applied along the interfaces of randomly distributed primary particles, generated by the Voronoi algorithm to simulate their separation during lithiation. The damage dissipation energy was calculated to characterize the propagation of cracks. The simulation results showed that the fracture energy and strength between primary particles play an important role in the intergranular fracture behavior. Increasing the C-rates brings two different aggravating effects to the fracture of secondary particles in different cycle stages. The extensive propagation of the main crack suppresses the growth of secondary cracks under a high C-rate or small fracture energy. Island particles and holes that appeared in many experiments after a long-term cycling protocol were simulated for the first time. The evolution of the simulated cracks was consistent with many published experimental images. The method and results are of great significance for understanding the fracture behavior of NCM cathodes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A stress assisted diffusion model considering concentration-dependent elastic modulus of active material has been established for the multi-layered electrodes of lithium batteries. The physical ...mechanism for the effect of modulus variation on the Li-ion diffusion and corresponding biaxial stress is well elucidated. Moreover, the analytic solutions of maximum stress in both active layer and collector are respectively derived. It has been found that the modulus stiffening gives rise to the additional stress gradient and enhances Li-ion diffusion, therefore to increase the biaxial stress in the plate electrode. In contrast, modulus softening makes the stress assisted diffusion less significant and the corresponding stresses are reduced. These coupled effects are more significant during potentiostatic charging and galvanostatic charging with high charging rates. Moreover, the maximum stress in the active layer is independent of charging process, but depends upon the elastic modulus variation due to Li-ion insertion. Finally, with increasing thickness ratio between collector and active material, the impacts of concentration dependent modulus on the Li-ion diffusion in active layer decreases, whereas this effect on maximum stress in the current collector increases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Summary
We investigated the secular trends of the incidence and hospitalization cost of hip fracture in Tangshan, China. The incidence of hip fracture and the hospitalization cost were both ...increasing during the observation period.
Introduction
The present study aimed to determine sex-, age-, and fracture type-specific incidence and annual changes in hip fractures in Tangshan, China, between 2007 and 2018.
Methods
We analyzed annual hip fracture incidence using urban hospital data during 2007–2018 and calculated incidence rate/100,000 person years in each age group and sex. We assessed annual changes in incidence among people aged >60 years using linear-by-linear association tests and evaluated hospitalization costs with the Kruskal–Wallis test.
Results
During the study period, we observed an increasing proportion of hip fractures in people >60 years old from 14.2 to 22.79%. Crude hip fracture incidence increased markedly from 140.87 to 306.56/100,000 in women (
p
< 0.01) and from 124.83 to 167.19/100,000 in men (
p
< 0.01) in the age group >60 years. Type-specific analysis indicated significantly increased trends in incidence of cervical and trochanteric fractures among women and cervical fracture among men (
p
< 0.01). In people aged 36–60 years, the trend of hip fracture increased significantly in both sexes. The total and cervical-to-trochanteric ratio in men increased, with significant upward trends (
p
< 0.01). The proportion of cervical fracture was higher than that for trochanteric fracture in women, with stable levels from 2007 to 2018. Hospitalization costs for cervical and trochanteric fractures increased by 51.91% and 53.20%, respectively, during 2011–2018.
Conclusion
Tangshan will have an increasing burden on health care resources attributable to a considerable rise in hip fracture incidence and the older population. Further investigation of risk factors and subsequent implementation of effective measures to prevent hip fracture are needed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
Magnetic discontinuities are fundamental structures in space and laboratory plasmas where the changes in magnetic and velocity fields are constrained by Rankine–Hugoniot relations. Due to ...the absence of precise measurements for particles, some issues therein are hardly investigated. The nature of discontinuities driven by the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) turbulence, and the intermediate shock are two puzzles to be solved. The MHD turbulence generates numerous discontinuities with both small normal magnetic fields and nearly constant magnetic field magnitudes in statistics. By utilizing the data from the Parker Solar Probe, we identify among the turbulence-driven discontinuities two components that exhibit diverse statistical characteristics of the plasma density, and reveal that these discontinuities comprise 80.2% rotational and 19.8% tangential discontinuities. Then, we note a special class of discontinuities within 0.35 au that have jump conditions similar to that of the rotational discontinuity and the shock simultaneously, including (1) positively correlated jumps in the plasma density and temperature, (2) a small change in the magnetic field magnitude, and (3) opposite tangential magnetic fields on two sides. These features conform to the theoretical intermediate shock, which previous studies have found to not practically exist due to the breakdown of the evolutionary condition. By the conservation law of the mass flux across a boundary, we calculate their propagation speeds and find three intermediate shock candidates with super-Alfvénic upstream and sub-Alfvénic downstream flows. This work can improve our understanding of plasma intermittencies and suggests reassessing conclusions based on ideal MHD Rankine–Hugoniot relations.
We report the discovery of a post-mass-transfer Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti hybrid pulsator in the eclipsing binary KIC 9592855. This binary has a circular orbit, an orbital period of 1.2 days, and ...contains two stars of almost identical masses ( ). However, the cooler secondary star is more evolved ( ), while the hotter primary is still on the zero-age-main-sequence ( ). Coeval models from single-star evolution cannot explain the observed masses and radii, and binary evolution with mass-transfer needs to be invoked. After subtracting the binary light curve, the Fourier spectrum shows low-order pressure-mode pulsations, and more dominantly, a cluster of low-frequency gravity modes at about 2 day−1. These g-modes are nearly equally spaced in period, and the period spacing pattern has a negative slope. We identify these g-modes as prograde dipole modes and find that they stem from the secondary star. The frequency range of unstable p-modes also agrees with that of the secondary. We derive the internal rotation rate of the convective core and the asymptotic period spacing from the observed g-modes. The resulting values suggest that the core and envelope rotate nearly uniformly, i.e., their rotation rates are both similar to the orbital frequency of this synchronized binary.
Abstract
Minimum variance analysis of the magnetic field (MVAB), among various techniques of planar structure analysis, is most widely used for its numerical simplicity and loose requirements for ...data. Through a large number of studies based on MVAB, a global picture of the solar wind intermittency has been established. However, the huge discrepancy between the results from MVAB and other techniques like timing/triangulation implies that the uncertainty of MVAB is a crucial issue that is not fully understood. Utilizing Cluster data, we establish a data set comprised of 6752 discontinuities, whose orientations are precisely determined by timing, as a benchmark for testing MVAB. We find that the scatter of the MVAB normals around the timing normal can be reduced by elevating the threshold for the eigenvalue ratio
λ
2
/
λ
3
and narrowing the data window to which MVAB is applied. The misidentification of discontinuities with
B
N
/
∣
B
∣
< 0.4, Δ∣
B
∣/∣
B
∣ < 0.2 as rotational discontinuities (RDs, identified by
B
N
/
∣
B
∣
> 0.4, Δ∣
B
∣/∣
B
∣ < 0.2) is proved to be a major and inherent defect of MVAB, which can occur even when
λ
2
/
λ
3
is large. Such a misidentification process is revealed to be related to a special discontinuity geometry. It also explains the false RD predominance reported by previous studies based on MVAB. Finally, we provide advice for the application of MVAB and discuss the possibility of obtaining the real statistical properties of interplanetary discontinuities by using MVAB.
A hybrid intelligent (HI) model, comprising a data preprocessing component and a HI forecaster, is developed to tackle the medium-term fashion sales forecasting problem. The HI forecaster firstly ...adopts a novel learning algorithm-based neural network to generate initial sales forecasts and then uses a heuristic fine-tuning process to obtain more accurate forecasts based on the initial ones. The learning algorithm integrates an improved harmony search algorithm and an extreme learning machine to improve the network generalization performance. Extensive experiments based on real fashion retail data and public benchmark datasets were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed model is much superior to traditional ARIMA models and two recently developed neural network models for fashion sales forecasting.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract
Reconnection fronts, also known as dipolarization fronts (DFs), and kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) are two of the widely observed structures and waves in the terrestrial magnetotail, but their ...correlation remains elusive in previous spacecraft measurements. Using high-resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale data, here we provide the first observational identification of KAWs behind the DF. These low-frequency dispersive KAWs propagate quasi-perpendicular to the magnetic field at phase speeds slower than local Alfvén speed, and are highly correlated with high-frequency whistlers propagating obliquely to the magnetic field. Specifically, whistlers appear at local magnetic field minima (wave troughs of KAWs) and disappear at local magnetic field maxima (wave crests of KAWs), highly consistent with the source region of whistler waves previously reported near equator and dayside magnetopause. Our study also suggests that the KAWs behind DFs could originate from the diffusion region of magnetic reconnection. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between DFs, KAWs, and whistler waves in terrestrial magnetotail.
A survey of the key issues associated with the development in the Chinese iron and steel industry and current situations of energy consumption are described in this paper. The apparent production of ...crude steel in China expanded to 418.78 million tonnes in 2006, which was about 34% share of the world steel production. The iron and steel industry in China is still one of the major high energy consumption and high pollution industries, which accounts for the consumption of about 15.2% of the national total energy, and generation of 14% of the national total wastewater and waste gas and 6% of the total solid waste materials. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries due to its low energy utilization efficiency. However, the energy efficiency of the iron and steel industry in China has made significant improvement in the past few years and significant energy savings will be achieved in the future by optimizing end-use energy utilization. Finally, some measures for the industry in terms of the economic policy of China's 11th five-year plan are also presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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