Studies suggest prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with mood/behavioral problems in children. However, it is unclear if targeting modifiable domains like sleep behaviors would improve outcomes ...in exposed youth. Using a causal inference framework, the effect of changing sleep‐hours on changing internalizing/externalizing problems in children was examined using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development™ study baseline (ages 9–10; collected during 2016–2018) and year‐1 follow‐up data (N = 9825; 4663 female; 5196 white). Average treatment effects (ATE) indicated that more sleep predicted less internalizing (ATE = −.34, SE = .08, p < .001) and externalizing (ATE = −.29, SE = .07, p < .001) problems over time. However, prenatal cannabis exposure moderated the ATE on internalizing (conditional‐ATE = .91, SE = .39, p = .019), whereby participants with exposure (n = 605) did not show any effect of changing sleep‐hours on mood (B = .09, SE = .24).
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•The influence of the TCS initial concentration on the toxicity along the electro-oxidation of aqueous samples is analyzed.•The formation of chlorinated byproducts along the treatment ...has been assessed.•The toxicity of the samples increases after the electrochemical oxidation treatment.•The intermediate DCDD in the oxidation pathway was detected by GC–MS but could not be supported by HPLC techniques.
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (TCS) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) widely used in different consumer goods. Its recalcitrant nature demands the application of effective remediation technologies in order to avoid the negative environmental impact associated to the discharge of contaminated waters. Although advanced oxidation technologies have been considered the best alternative to destroy bio-recalcitrant compounds, the likely formation of high toxicity byproducts must be analysed before large-scale deployment. In this work, we aim to trace the presence of chlorinated compounds during the electro-oxidation of aqueous TCS samples. First, we analyze the influence of the initial concentration of TCS on the toxicity of the oxidation medium expressed by the International-Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF); second, we have detected the formation of intermediate organo-chlorinated compounds by GC–MS supported by HPLC and finally, we have quantified the concentration of highly-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by HRGC-HRMS within the oxidation treatment. In those samples where TCS had been completely degraded the concentration of PCDD/Fs showed a high increase, especially when NaCl was used as electrolyte, with the initial concentration of TCS. Under these conditions the I-TEF achieved values up to 3.8 × 102 pg L−1.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•RED-RO is a promising technology for energy-efficient seawater desalination.•Secondary-treated wastewater is a potential low salinity source for RED.•An efficient pre-treatment of ...wastewater is needed before use in RED.•Rapid sand filtration and 100 µm provide efficient wastewater pre-treatment.•River bank filtration does not provide adequate feed water quality.
Although Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) is most commonly known as a selective separation technology used for the production of sustainable energy, it can also serve as a valuable pre-desalination tool. By coupling RED to Reverse Osmosis (RO) for seawater desalination: (1) sustainable energy is produced in the RED process and (2) seawater is partially desalinated prior to RO thus, decreasing the energy demand. In this study, secondary-treated wastewater is proposed as the low salinity source in RED and suitable pre-treatment techniques for this effluent are investigated. Although it is generally accepted that RED is less prone to fouling than typical pressure driven membrane processes, results showed that pre-treatment is a key to ensure efficient operation of the wastewater-seawater RED. Both 100 µm filtration and rapid sand filtration proved to be suitable, with an increase in pressure drop of only 0.09–0.18 bar and a permselectivity decrease of only approximately 20% during 40 days of continuous operation. Conversely, River bank filtration did not perform better than the non-pretreated sample. As such, 100 µm filtration and rapid sand filtration are considered suitable, robust, and cost efficient pre-treatment options for wastewater fed RED, enabling the improvement of the hybrid process of RED-RO seawater desalination.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The co-generation of electricity and electrodialysis of seawater in a hybrid system is a promising approach to overcome water scarcity. Reverse electrodialysis harvests energy from the salinity ...gradient, where seawater is used as a high salinity stream while secondary treated wastewater can be used as a sustainable low salinity stream. Treated wastewater contains organic micropollutants, which can be transported to the seawater stream. The current research establishes a connection between adsorption and transport of organic micropollutants in ion exchange membranes, using a cross-flow stack in adsorption and zero-current experiments. To mimic the composition of treated wastewater, a mixture of nineteen organic micropollutants of varied physicochemical characteristics (e.g. size, charge, polarity, hydrogen donor/acceptor count, hydrophobicity) at environmentally relevant concentrations was used. Depending on the charge, micropollutants develop different types of mechanisms responsible for short-distance interactions with ion-exchange membranes, which has a direct influence in their transport behavior. This study provides a rational basis for the optimization/design of next-generation ion-exchange membranes, in which the permeability toward organic micropollutants should be also included. This investigation highly contributes to understanding the potential hazard posed by organic micropollutants in reverse electrodialysis in seawater desalination systems, where treated wastewater is used as a low salinity stream.
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•In RED, the charge of OMPs primarily governs their adsorption and transport in IEM.•Non-charged OMPs were hardly adsorbed in IEMs and were transported by diffusion.•Negatively-charged OMPs were transported across IEMs due to Donnan dialysis.•Other non-covalent interactions secondarily govern OMPs behavior at IEMs surfaces.•π-π and hydrophobic interactions induced high adsorption of positively-charged OMPs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Wastewater may contain a diverse group of unregulated pollutants known as emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Triclosan (TCS) is a personal care product ...widely used as an antiseptic or preservative in cosmetics, hand wash, toothpaste and deodorant soaps. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been used as effective and alternative treatments for complex wastewater. However, an important criterion for the assessment of AOPs and their operation conditions could be the potential formation of new toxic secondary products, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), especially when emerging pollutants are present in the media. If these are omitted from environmental management studies, the real environmental impacts of a WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) may be underestimated. Consequently, the current study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts derived from electrooxidation (EOX), one of the most effective oxidation technologies, of emerging pollutants using Life Cycle Assessment. The analyses were performed for the treatment of effluents containing TCS, firstly without considering the formation of PCDD/Fs and, thereafter, considering the effects of these compounds. Total toxicity, calculated through different methods and corresponding impact factors, were evaluated for each stage of the process when different electrolytes are used, including PCDD/Fs formation. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to study i) the effect of the TCS initial concentration on the environmental impacts associated to ecotoxicity for the different life cycle methods and ii) the influence of changing the organic pollutant on PCDD/Fs formation employing 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). As a result, LCIA methods demonstrate that they are not fully adapted to the computation of PCDD/Fs in the water compartment, since only 2,3,7,8-tetraclorodibenzo-p-dioxina (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is present as a substance in the impact categories assessed, ignoring the remaining list of PCDD/Fs.
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•Potential formation of PCDD/Fs in triclosan wastewater treatment•Toxicity assessment derived from electrooxidation of triclosan using LCA•LCIA methods are not fully adapted to PCDD/Fs computation in wastewater treatment.•Increase in environmental impacts when 2,3,7,8-TCDD is included.•PCDD/Fs omission tends to untoxic emissions in many oxidation processes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The environmentally extended presence of triclosan, TCS, component of many pharmaceutical and personal care products, and its known persistent character have awoke the scientific and social concern ...leading to the study of effective remediation techniques. Advanced oxidation techniques stand out for the effectiveness in degrading many persistent compounds, and as a result, they have been addressed by many researchers. However, the powerful oxidation media might lead to the formation of undesirable by-products, concern that has also been widely addressed. With regard to the presence of TCS, photolytic and photocatalytic processes provide a very effective degradation yield and rate, with a large number of reports addressing its removal from different environmental matrices. But currently, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms involved and the routes responsible for the formation of degradation products. Thus, this work presents an exhaustive and critical analysis of the state of the art related to the photo-degradation of TCS, with special focus on the formation of oxidation by-products, on the phenomena responsible and on the influence of operation variables. This report aims at offering valuable information to researchers dealing with this environmentally relevant problem.
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•Photo-degradation techniques have been widely applied to the degradation of TCS.•UV radiation at basic pH or the presence of a catalyst enhance TCS photodegradation.•TCS photodegradation is inhibited at acid pH or under the presence of scavengers.•2,8-DCDD, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorocatechol are the main TCS degradation products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as antiseptic or preservative in many personal care products (PCPs), such as cosmetics, hand wash, toothpaste and deodorant soaps, among others. It is characterized by ...acute toxicity, resistance to biodegradation, environmental persistence and relatively high lipophilicity. In order to protect the environment and natural resources from the negative effects of the discharge of polluted wastewater with TCS, the application of efficient remediation technologies able to degrade the pollutant to harmless levels becomes crucial. Electrochemical oxidation, among all advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), has been reported as very effective in the complete degradation of a number of persistent pollutants; therefore, its performance using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes, and response to operation variables, has been studied in this work. As expected, complete degradation of TCS was achieved in all the studied conditions; however, going a step further and knowing that TCS is a precursor of polychlorinated dibenzo‑p‑dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), their quantitative presence in the oxidation media has been assessed. Results showed the dominance of dichlorinated (DCDD) and trichlorinated (TrCDD/Fs) in the homologue profile of total PCDD/Fs, reaching values up to 1.48 × 105 pg L−1 in samples with initial concentration of TCS of 100 mg L−1 and NaCl as electrolyte. Under these conditions, the International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) achieved values up to 2.76 × 102 pg L−1. Nevertheless, the presence of copper in the oxidation medium tends to reduce I-TEF values. Finally, considering the information reported in literature, a mechanism describing the formation of low chlorinated PCDD/Fs from TCS oxidation reactions is proposed.
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•Electrochemical oxidation provides suitable degradation of aqueous triclosan solutions•The influence of the electrolyte type and copper salt dissolved in the solution on triclosan degradation have been studied•The formation of secondary byproducts such as PCDD/Fs has been traced•High concentrations of DCDD and TrDCC/Fs have been detected•A mechanism for the formation of low and high chlorinated PCDD/Fs in aqueous and gas phase have been proposed
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
► Fire is not rare in tropical montane cloud forests but their emissions are unaccounted for in regional carbon balances. ► Biomass burning emissions due to deep ground fires reach mean stocks of 92
...MgC
ha
−1 in the Andes. ► Peat soils contribute the most to these values. TMCF resprouting compensates for biomass losses. ► A preliminary estimate of regional biomass burning emissions resulted in mean 1.3
TgC
yr
−1 for the 2000–2008 period. ► On-going fire management projects exist in the region which tries to link reduced fire impacts, forest conservation and poverty alleviation through the REDD+ mechanism.
Fire in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) is not as rare as once believed. Andean TMCFs sit immediately below highly flammable, high-altitude grasslands (Puna/Páramo) that suffer from recurrent anthropogenic fire. This treeline is a zone of climatic tension where substantial future warming is likely to force upward tree migrations, while increased fire presence and fire impacts are likely to force it downwards. TMCFs contain large carbon stocks in their peat soils and their loss through fire is a currently unaccounted for regional source of CO
2. This study, conducted in the southern Peruvian Andes (>2800
m), documents differences in live tree biomass, fine root biomass, fallen and standing dead wood, and soil organic carbon in 4 paired-sample plots (burned versus control) following the severe ground fires that occurred during the 2005 Andean drought. Peat soils contributed the most to biomass burning emissions, with lower values corresponding to an 89% mean stock difference compared to the controls (mean
±
SE) (54.1
±
22.3 vs. 5.8
±
5.3
MgC
ha
−1). Contrastingly, carbon stocks from live standing trees differed by a non-significant 37% lower value in the burned plots compared to the controls, largely compensated by vigorous resprouting (45.5
±
17.4 vs. 69.2
±
13.4
MgC
ha
−1). Both standing dead trees and fallen dead wood were significantly higher in the burned plots with a three-fold difference from the controls: dead Trees 45.2
±
9.4 vs. 16.4
±
4.4
MgC
ha
−1, and ca. a 2 fold difference for the fallen dead wood: 11.2
±
5 vs. 6.7
±
3.2
MgC
ha
−1 for the burned plots versus their controls. A preliminary estimate of the regional contribution of biomass burning emissions from Andean TMCFs for the period 2000–2008, resulted in mean carbon emission rates of 1.3
TgC
yr
−1 (max-min: 1.8–0.8
TgC
yr
−1). This value is in the same order of magnitude than South American annual fire emissions (300
TgC
yr
−1) suggesting the need for further research on Andean forest fires. On-going projects on the region are working on the promotion of landowner participation in TMCFs conservation through REDD+ mechanism. The heart of the proposed initiative is reforestation of degraded lands with green fire breaks enriched with economically valuable Andean plant species. The cultivation of these species may contribute to reduce deforestation pressure on the Amazonian cloud forest by providing an alternative income to local communities, at the same time that they prevent the spread of fire into Manu National Park and adjacent community-held forests, protecting forest and reducing CO
2 emissions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Introduction
Haemophilia is one of the most common inherited bleeding disorders in the Emergency Department (ED). The most dangerous site of bleeding is the central nervous system.
Aims
To describe ...the characteristics of haemophiliacs arrived to our ED following a head trauma and to analyse the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage (ICH).
Materials and Methods
Retrospective, analytical, observational study, conducted in a Paediatric ED. We included haemophilic patients aged from birth to 16 years who consulted after a head trauma over a 6‐year period. Data collected included age, type of haemophilia and head trauma, symptoms, prophylaxis status, CT imaging, treatment and number of visits to the ED.
Results
About 46 males and 85 episodes were analysed. The median age was 2.38 years. Severe haemophilia A was the most frequent type of disease (50%). All head injuries were mild, and the most frequent mechanism was a collision with an object (38.8%). In 62 episodes (72.9%) the patients were asymptomatic. The rest 23 events had symptomatology, being the most common headache (26%), emesis (21.7%) and drowsiness (17.4%). Head CT was obtained in 31 episodes, founding altered results in 10 (6 of them corresponding to ICH). All the patients with ICH had symptomatology. About 37 episodes required admission.
Conclusion
Intracranial haemorrhage is one of the most dangerous events in haemophiliacs and it may occur after a head trauma. Our study suggests that, in case of head trauma, CT must be obtained in symptomatic patients and in those with additional risk factors. Asymptomatic patients must have prolonged observation.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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