•Young forests may return to carbon sinks already eight years after reforestation.•Increased forest productivity shortens the time needed to return to carbon sink.•Harvest of logging residues/stumps ...for bioenergy may improve the carbon balance.
We analyzed ecosystem carbon fluxes from eddy-covariance measurements in five young forests in southern Sweden where the previous stand had been harvested by clear-cutting or wind-felled: three stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), one with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and one with Larch (Larix x eurolepis A. Henry). One of the spruce stands had the stumps harvested, one was fertilized and one without any special treatments. These stands returned from positive (sources) to negative (sinks) annual carbon fluxes 8–13 years after disturbance, depending on site productivity and management. This corresponds to approximately 15% of the rotation periods at these sites. Extrapolation in combination with chronosequence data suggests that conventionally regenerated stands reach a neutral carbon balance after approximately 30% of the rotation period. The lowest carbon emissions and shortest recovery time was observed in a stand where the stumps of the trees, in addition to the stems and logging residues, were removed after harvest. This stand not only returned to a carbon sink within this time period but the total carbon gains since disturbance also equaled the total losses after only 11 years. These results stress that production stands in southern Sweden are carbon sources during a relatively small part of the rotation period, and that this part can be considerably shortened by measures that increase productivity or reduce the amount of woody debris left after disturbance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Fertilization on mineral soil only causes small short-lived N2O emissions.•High levels of N fertilizer do not change mineral forest soils to CH4 sources.•Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes are minor compared ...with the net ecosystem uptake of CO2.
Climate change mitigation strategies have increased the demand for wood products, resulting in an urgent need to increase wood production. One approach is to fertilize forest land, but this can influence greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes within the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of forest N fertilization on soil CH4 and N2O fluxes in young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in southern Sweden. The gas fluxes were measured using flow-through non-steady-state dark chambers. In the first, long-term, experiment, half of the stand was fertilized twice (once in 2014 and once in 2016) with 150 kg ha−1 of N, and gas flux measurements were taken throughout 2014–2017. In the second, dose, experiment, 0, 150, 300, or 450 kg ha−1 of N was added to the stand in April 2016, and gas flux measurements were taken during April-December 2016. The dose experiment showed that the sink strength of CH4 decreased with increasing amounts of N; the long-term experiment indicated that repeated fertilization decreased the CH4 sink strength over time. Additionally, the long-term experiment indicated that, while significantly higher N2O emissions were recorded in the fertilization years, this was not detected in subsequent years, suggesting the effect to be short-lived. In the dose experiment, fertilization tended to increase the N2O emissions relative to the amount of fertilizer. However, despite the significant effects of fertilization on these GHGs, the summed fluxes were a fraction of the net uptake of C at the sites, as recorded in another study. These findings suggest that fertilizing forest land with commercial NP or NPK fertilizers corresponding to 150 kg ha−1 of N, the level used in operational forestry in Sweden today, can be conducted without changing CH4 and N2O fluxes to any great extent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study investigates wood density and anatomy of juvenile silver birch stems in Sweden, grown in mixed conifer stands. Our aim is to investigate if fertilization provides increased growth, as well ...as an eventual reduction in stem wood density. Measurements of basic density, ring width, cell wall thickness, and vessels are analyzed for 20 birch trees. Bark to pith radial sections are analyzed using a light microscope and the freeware ImageJ to compare treatments and ages. The results show that trees with fertilizer treatment have wider growth rings and thinner cell wall thickness compared to unfertilized trees. The fertilized trees also have a lower cambium age at the same height and the same diameter, and a slightly lower stem mean density (420 kg m−3) than the unfertilized stems (460 kg m−3). Fertilizer is a significant determinant of density and cell wall thickness in nonlinear models. The fertilized trees have increased growth and reached a fixed diameter earlier. The age difference between the trees likely explains some of the differences in cell wall thickness. This study supports the use of fertilizer as a silvicultural option for increasing the growth rate of silver birch for a relatively small reduction of wood density.
Climate change mitigation strategies have increased the demand for wood products, resulting in an urgent needto increase wood production. One approach is to fertilize forest land, but this can ...influence greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes within the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of forest N fertilization onsoil CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes in young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in southern Sweden. The gasfluxes were measured using flow-through non-steady-state dark chambers. In the first, long-term, experiment,half of the stand was fertilized twice (once in 2014 and once in 2016) with 150 kg ha -1 of N, and gas fluxmeasurements were taken throughout 2014–2017. In the second, dose, experiment, 0, 150, 300, or 450 kg ha -1 of N was added to the stand in April 2016, and gas flux measurements were taken during April-December 2016.The dose experiment showed that the sink strength of CH 4 decreased with increasing amounts of N; the long-termexperiment indicated that repeated fertilization decreased the CH 4 sink strength over time. Additionally, thelong-term experiment indicated that, while significantly higher N 2 O emissions were recorded in the fertilizationyears, this was not detected in subsequent years, suggesting the effect to be short-lived. In the dose experiment,fertilization tended to increase the N 2 O emissions relative to the amount of fertilizer. However, despite thesignificant effects of fertilization on these GHGs, the summed fluxes were a fraction of the net uptake of C at thesites, as recorded in another study. These findings suggest that fertilizing forest land with commercial NP or NPKfertilizers corresponding to 150 kg ha -1 of N, the level used in operational forestry in Sweden today, can beconducted without changing CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes to any great extent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Wella startades 1881och var fram till och med 2004 ett Tyskt famlijeägt företag. År 2004 köptes företaget upp utav Procter & Gamble, ett multinationellt företag som innehar ett brett sortiment av ...olika varumärken från dagligvaruhandel till skönhetsprodukter. Wella är indelad i tre divisioner samt ytterligare en division inom frisördivisionen. Denna division benämns Selective Brands. Idag präglas marknaden av snabba växlingar och kunder kan, via informationskanaler såsom Internet, snabbt erhålla information om liknande produkter från andra leverantörer. På grund av det snabba informationsflödet förändras marknaden snabbt vilket i sin tur leder till att produkterna får en allt kortare livslängd då konsumenterna blir mer kräsna. Följer man inte modets snabba trendväxlingar så är risken stor att man förlorar marknadsandelar. Genom att genomföra en fallstudie av Wella strävar vi efter att se vilka åtgärder som har lett till att Wella ökar sina marknadsandelar och hur affärsutvecklingen ser ut i företaget. Frisördivisionen är uppdelad i två delar där den ena delen konkurrerar på bredden genom att synas i så många frisörsalonger som möjligt. Selective Brands däremot, konkurrerar med att skapa personliga relationer mer på djupet. Denna uppsats behandlar företagets tillvägagångssätt då de söker försvara sig mot den hårda konkurrensen.
Wella Håkansson Charlotta , Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen; Balic Neira , Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen
2006
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Wella startades 1881och var fram till och med 2004 ett Tyskt famlijeägt företag. År 2004 köptes företaget upp utav Procter & Gamble, ...ett multinationellt företag som innehar ett brett sortiment av olika varumärken från dagligvaruhandel till skönhetsprodukter. Wella är indelad i tre divisioner samt ytterligare en division inom frisördivisionen. Denna division benämns Selective Brands. Idag präglas marknaden av snabba växlingar och kunder kan, via informationskanaler såsom Internet, snabbt erhålla information om liknande produkter från andra leverantörer. På grund av det snabba informationsflödet förändras marknaden snabbt vilket i sin tur leder till att produkterna får en allt kortare livslängd då konsumenterna blir mer kräsna. Följer man inte modets snabba trendväxlingar så är risken stor att man förlorar marknadsandelar. Genom att genomföra en fallstudie av Wella strävar vi efter att se vilka åtgärder som har lett till att Wella ökar sina marknadsandelar och hur affärsutvecklingen ser ut i företaget. Frisördivisionen är uppdelad i två delar där den ena delen konkurrerar på bredden genom att synas i så många frisörsalonger som möjligt. Selective Brands däremot, konkurrerar med att skapa personliga relationer mer på djupet. Denna uppsats behandlar företagets tillvägagångssätt då de söker försvara sig mot den hårda konkurrensen.
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Abstract
Background
Preventing cognitive and physical decline in people >60 is a major public health priority. Evidence‐based programs for promoting healthy lifestyle in people 60+ are sparse. WHO ...has launched risk reduction guidelines for cognitive decline and dementia focusing on several lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. The FINGER trial is the first large RCT indicating that targeting several risk factors simultaneously can reduce cognitive and functional decline among at risk elderly persons. To develop and implement personalized, effective and feasible lifestyle interventions for real life settings, the multimodal FINGER model needs to be adopted and new evidence from recent studies implemented (e.g. importance of psychosocial factors). The aim of STRONGER 60+ is to adapt the FINGER‐model and investigate intervention effectiveness on lifestyle factors in association with cognitive‐ and physical function. By adopting a hybrid‐design, the implementation process will be followed in a real‐world setting.
Method
STRONGER 60+ will include an adapted version of the FINGER‐model, with the components of a brain‐healthy diet, exercise, cognitive training, and stimulating social activity, in addition with careful monitoring of cardiovascular risks. A co‐production design including clinicians and participants will be used. It is a 6‐monh (with 12 month follow‐up) randomized controlled, single blind parallel‐group clinical effectiveness study. Up to 160 persons will be recruited. Participants will receive either the adapted multimodal healthy lifestyle intervention or regular health advice. A measure of psychosocial states will be included to highlight the importance of tailormade interventions in the study. The intervention is designed for community‐dwelling persons ≥ 60 years, with elevated risk for dementia according to the Dementia Risk Tool risk score, MMSE ≥ 24.
Result
We are currently finalizing the resource planning, recruitment start in September 2020. With the hybrid‐design outcome evaluation we will be able to explore the process by examining; facilitators and barriers for the adaption process, the recruitment process of participants, the extent to which the target audience encounter the program, retention rate, fidelity to the FINGER‐model, dose received/delivered.
Conclusion
For people at‐risk of cognitive‐ and physical decline to benefit from multimodal lifestyle intervention research, interventions tested in research settings require adaption and assessment in real‐world clinical practice.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Preventing cognitive and physical decline in people >60 is a major public health priority. Evidence‐based programs for promoting healthy lifestyle in people 60+ are sparse. WHO has ...launched risk reduction guidelines for cognitive decline and dementia focusing on several lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. The FINGER trial is the first large RCT indicating that targeting several risk factors simultaneously can reduce cognitive and functional decline among at risk elderly persons. To develop and implement personalized, effective and feasible lifestyle interventions for real life settings, the multimodal FINGER model needs to be adopted and new evidence from recent studies implemented (e.g. importance of psychosocial factors). The aim of STRONGER 60+ is to adapt the FINGER‐model and investigate intervention effectiveness on lifestyle factors in association with cognitive‐ and physical function. By adopting a hybrid‐design, the implementation process will be followed in a real‐world setting.
Method
STRONGER 60+ will include an adapted version of the FINGER‐model, with the components of a brain‐healthy diet, exercise, cognitive training, and stimulating social activity, in addition with careful monitoring of cardiovascular risks. A co‐production design including clinicians and participants will be used. It is a 6‐monh (with 12 month follow‐up) randomized controlled, single blind parallel‐group clinical effectiveness study. Up to 160 persons will be recruited. Participants will receive either the adapted multimodal healthy lifestyle intervention or regular health advice. A measure of psychosocial states will be included to highlight the importance of tailormade interventions in the study. The intervention is designed for community‐dwelling persons ≥ 60 years, with elevated risk for dementia according to the Dementia Risk Tool risk score, MMSE ≥ 24.
Result
We are currently finalizing the resource planning, recruitment start in September 2020. With the hybrid‐design outcome evaluation we will be able to explore the process by examining; facilitators and barriers for the adaption process, the recruitment process of participants, the extent to which the target audience encounter the program, retention rate, fidelity to the FINGER‐model, dose received/delivered.
Conclusion
For people at‐risk of cognitive‐ and physical decline to benefit from multimodal lifestyle intervention research, interventions tested in research settings require adaption and assessment in real‐world clinical practice.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is required for cell type segregation during pancreatic islet organogenesis. We have investigated the functional consequences of ablating NCAM on pancreatic ...β-cell function. In vivo, NCAM−/− mice exhibit impaired glucose tolerance and basal hyperinsulinemia. Insulin secretion from isolated NCAM−/− islets is enhanced at glucose concentrations below 15 mM but inhibited at higher concentrations. Glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells evoked by low glucose was also severely impaired in NCAM−/− islets. The diminution of insulin secretion is not attributable to defective glucose metabolism or glucose sensing (documented as glucose-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ and KATP-channel activity). Resting KATP conductance was lower in NCAM−/− β-cells than wild-type cells, and this difference was abolished when F-actin was disrupted by cytochalasin D (1 μM). In wild-type β-cells, the submembrane actin network disassembles within 10 min during glucose stimulation (30 mM), an effect not seen in NCAM−/− β-cells. Cytochalasin D eliminated this difference and normalized insulin and glucagon secretion in NCAM−/− islets. Capacitance measurements of exocytosis indicate that replenishment of the readily releasable granule pool is suppressed in NCAM−/− α- and β-cells. Our data suggest that remodeling of the submembrane actin network is critical to normal glucose regulation of both insulin and glucagon secretion.
Ablation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) resulted in a dense submembrane actin network in pancreatic islets and associated with abnormal glucose regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion.
Background The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) showed cognitive benefits from a multidomain lifestyle intervention in at-risk older ...people. The LipiDiDiet trial highlighted benefits of medical food in prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the feasibility and impact of multimodal interventions combining lifestyle with medical food in prodromal AD is unclear. Methods MIND-AD.sub.mini was a 6-month multinational (Sweden, Finland, Germany, France) proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants were 60-85 years old, had prodromal AD (International Working Group-1 criteria), and vascular/lifestyle risk factors. The parallel-group RCT had three arms: multimodal lifestyle intervention (nutritional guidance, exercise, cognitive training, vascular/metabolic risk management and social stimulation); multimodal lifestyle intervention + medical food (Fortasyn Connect); and regular health advice/care (control). Participants were randomized 1:1:1 (computer-generated allocation at each site). Outcome evaluators were blinded to randomization. Primary outcome was feasibility of the multimodal intervention, evaluated by recruitment rate during a 6-month recruitment phase, overall adherence in each intervention arm, and 6-month retention rate. Successful adherence was pre-specified as attending greater than or equal to 40% of sessions/domain in greater than or equal to 2/4 domains (lifestyle intervention), and consuming greater than or equal to 60% of the medical food (lifestyle intervention + medical food). The secondary outcomes included adherence/participation to each intervention component and overall adherence to healthy lifestyle changes, measured using a composite score for healthy lifestyle. Cognitive assessments were included as exploratory outcomes, e.g. Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Results During September 2017-May 2019, 93 individuals were randomized (32 lifestyle intervention, 31 lifestyle + medical food, and 30 control group). Overall recruitment rate was 76.2% (64.8% during the first 6 months). Overall 6-month retention rate was 91.4% (lifestyle intervention 87.5%; lifestyle + medical food 90.3%; control 96.7%). Domain-specific adherence in the lifestyle intervention group was 71.9% to cognitive training, 78.1% exercise, 68.8% nutritional guidance, and 81.3% vascular risk management; and in the lifestyle + medical food group, 90.3% to cognitive training, 87.1% exercise, 80.7% nutritional guidance, 87.1% vascular risk management, and 87.1% medical food. Compared with control, both intervention arms showed healthy diet improvements (beta.sub.LifestylexTime = 1.11, P = 0.038; beta.sub.Lifestyle+medical foodxTime = 1.43, P = 0.007); the lifestyle + medical food group also showed vascular risk reduction (P = 0.043) and less cognitive-functional decline (P < 0.05, exploratory analysis). There were 5 serious adverse events (control group: 1; lifestyle intervention: 3; lifestyle + medical food: 1) unrelated to interventions. Conclusions The multidomain lifestyle intervention, alone or combined with medical food, had good feasibility and adherence in prodromal AD. Longer-term cognitive and other health benefits should be further investigated in a larger-scale trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03249688. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Lifestyle intervention, Multimodal intervention, Adherence, Medical food, Prevention, Randomized controlled trial
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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