Dimethyl and diethyl carbaporphyrin ketals inhibit the growth of
Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in vitro. These unique porphyrinoids show promise as potent inhibitors of
Leishmania.
Dimethyl and ...diethyl carbaporphyrin ketals inhibit the growth of
Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in vitro. The concentration dependency of the inhibitory effect was tested using the MTT assay. The presence of reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and superoxide, was detected using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with selected spin traps and confocal microscopy in cultures exposed to these carbaporphyrin ketals. These unique porphyrinoids show promise as potent inhibitors of
Leishmania.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Today we have discussed an interesting patient with an atypical presentation of pulmonary embolism. We have outlined a suggested algorithm to aid in the diagnosis and management of this disease. ...References 8 through 24 in the reference section are suggested readings that offer further insight into the diagnosis and management of this entity.
Monoamine oxidase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a number of neurotransmitters. A deficiency in monoamine oxidase A results in aggressive behavior in both humans and mice. Studies on the ...regulation of monoamine oxidase A gene expression have shown that the Sp1 family is important for monoamine oxidase A expression. To search for novel transcription factors, the sequences of three Sp1 sites in the monoamine oxidase A core promoter were used in the yeast one-hybrid system to screen a human cDNA library. A novel repressor, R1 (RAM2), has been cloned. The R1 cDNA encodes a protein with 454 amino acids and an open reading frame at the 5′-end. The transfection of R1 in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-BE (2)-C, inhibited the monoamine oxidase A promoter and enzymatic activity. The degree of inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by R1 correlated with the level of R1 protein expression. R1 was also found to repress monoamine oxidase A promoter activity within a natural chromatin environment. A gel-shift assay indicated that the endogenous R1 protein in SK-N-BE (2)-C cells interacted with the R1 binding sequence. R1 also bound directly to the natural monoamine oxidase A promoter in vivo as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that R1 was expressed in both cytosol and nucleus, which suggested a role for R1 in transcriptional regulation. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of endogenous R1 mRNA in human brain and peripheral tissues. Taken together, this study shows that R1 is a novel repressor that inhibits monoamine oxidase A gene expression.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Fallen leaves of Ficus altissima, F. virens, F. benjamina, F. fistulosa and F. semicordata, were collected in Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand and examined for fungi. Eighty taxa were ...identified, comprising 56 anamorphic taxa, 23 ascomycetes and l basidiomycete. Common fungal species occurring on five host species with high frequency of occurrence were Beltraniella nilgirica, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Ophioceras leptosporum, Periconia byssoides and Septonema harknessi. Colletotrichum and Stachybotrys were also common genera. The leaves of different Ficus species supported diverse fungal taxa, and the fungal assemblages on the different hosts showed varying overlap. The fungal diversity of saprobes at the host species level is discussed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Human intrusion has become a widespread and chronic disturbance for birds in many wildlands. Because bird species often seek refuge, feed, and nest only in certain vegetation strata, ...intrusion-induced changes in vertical distributions could reduce access to such strata, increase interspecific competition, heighten energetic expenditures, and reduce nesting success. In Wyoming subalpine forests during the breeding seasons of 1989-1993, we studied the effects of intrusion on vertical distributions of Mountain Chickadees (Parus gambeli), Ruby-crowned Kinglets (Regulus calendula), Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata), and Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). Intrusion by one person for 1-2 h/week, similar in intensity to intrusion from some wildland recreationists and ecotourists, did not appreciably affect distributions of any of the species in three vegetation strata above the ground: less than 0.5 m, 0.5-3.0 m, more than 3.0 m. Although human disturbance has caused an increase in the height at which bird species in various habitats nest and roost, we found little evidence that intrusion altered vertical distributions of four passerines that nest, forage, sing, and seek refuge in subalpine forest. The minimal effects we observed indicate that the species we studied were able to tolerate low levels of intrusion. Studies of intrusion levels that do and do not affect vertical distributions are necessary to define the range of intrusion intensity that is influential.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A survey of fourth year (first clinical year) medical students at the University of Western Australia in 1977 showed that 48% of them wanted to be general practitioners. When interviewed again as ...interns in 1980, the same group showed a 61% preference for general practice. In 1977, 57% of interns and junior RMOs had wished for a career in general practice. During the last five years the proportion of graduates entering the Family Medicine programme has reached as high as 68% in the third year after graduation. In the 25 years since the first medical graduates qualified in Perth the percentage entering general practice has climbed from 15 to 80; the percentage entering the specialties has declined from 85 to 20. This survey is a valuable tool in planning postgraduate training programmes.
ABSTRACT
Opercular membranes isolated from the freshwater-adapted euryhaline teleost, Sarotherodon mossambicus, and mounted in Ussing-style chambers, have low conductance and current and do not ...actively transport chloride. In contrast, membranes isolated from seawater-adapted S. mossambicus have high conductance and generate large currents representing net chloride extrusion. Full development of this chloride secretion process requires 1–2 weeks, the time-course of which provides the first unambiguous measurement of changes in net extrarenal salt secretion associated with a teleost’s adaptation to seawater. Tissues from seawater-adapted fish contain typical chloride cells, when observed with the electron microscope, which appear as large cells with fluorescence microscopy after staining with dimethylamino-styrylaethylpyridiniumiodine. These cells are absent from the freshwater tissue, although rudimentary chloride cells are present, appearing as small cells with fluorescence microscopy. Following seawater transfer, the number of chloride cells increases only during the first 3 days. Subsequent chloride cell hypertrophy is highly correlated with the quantity of chloride extrusion. These data strongly implicate the chloride cell as the salt-secretory cell-type. When cortisol was injected into freshwater fish, chloride cell density increased but chloride secretion was not activated. It appears that development of salt extrusion involves increased numbers (controlled, at least in part, by cortisol) and differentiation of chloride cells, including activation of membrane active-transport sites. The opercular membrane from S. mossambicus provides a valuable model for studying these physiological and morphological events.
The current study examined the relationship between skeletal muscle levels of adiponectin and parameters of insulin sensitivity. A high fat/sucrose diet (HFD) for 20 weeks resulted in significant ...increases in body weight, serum insulin, triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA) (all
p
<
0.01). Interestingly, this diet leads to a slight increase in serum adiponectin, but significant decreases in gastrocnemius muscle and white adipose adiponectin (all
p
<
0.05). HFD for 4 weeks also resulted in a significant decrease in muscle adiponectin, which correlated with serum insulin, TG, and FFA (all
p
<
0.05). Treatment of the 4-week HFD rats with a PPARγ agonist GI262570 ameliorated the diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, and effectively restored muscle adiponectin (all
p
<
0.05). This study demonstrated that HFD-induced hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia appeared without changes in serum adiponectin, but were associated with decreased tissue adiponectin. This provides the first evidence for a connection between tissue adiponectin and diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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