The cingulum bundle (CB) is one of the brain's major white matter pathways, linking regions associated with executive function, decision-making, and emotion. Neuroimaging has revealed that ...abnormalities in particular locations within the CB are associated with specific psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. However, the fibers using each portion of the CB remain unknown. In this study, we used anatomical tract-tracing in nonhuman primates (Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta) to examine the organization of specific cingulate, noncingulate frontal, and subcortical pathways through the CB. The goals were as follows: (1) to determine connections that use the CB, (2) to establish through which parts of the CB these fibers travel, and (3) to relate the CB fiber pathways to the portions of the CB identified in humans as neurosurgical targets for amelioration of psychiatric disorders. Results indicate that cingulate, noncingulate frontal, and subcortical fibers all travel through the CB to reach both cingulate and noncingulate targets. However, many brain regions send projections through only part, not all, of the CB. For example, amygdala fibers are not present in the caudal portion of the dorsal CB. These results allow segmentation of the CB into four unique zones. We identify the specific connections that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders and affected by neurosurgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation and cingulotomy.
Review of Particle Physics Tanabashi, M.; Nakamura, K.; Tanaka, J. ...
Physical review. D,
08/2018, Volume:
98, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,873 new measurements from 758 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of ...gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 118 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Neutrinos in Cosmology.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition, often associated with a chronic course. Given its role in attentional control, decision-making, and emotional regulation, the anterior ...cingulate cortex is considered to have a key role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Notably, the cingulum bundle, being the major white matter tract connecting to this region, has been historically a target for the surgical treatment of intractable OCD. In this study, we aimed to identify the extent to which focal-more than diffuse-abnormalities in fiber collinearity of the cingulum bundle could distinguish 48 adults with OCD (mean age SD = 23.3 4.5 years; F/M = 30/18) from 45 age- and sex-matched healthy control adults (CONT; mean age SD = 23.2 3.8 years; F/M = 28/17) and further examine if these abnormalities correlated with symptom severity. Use of tract-profiles rather than a conventional diffusion imaging approach allowed us to characterize white matter microstructural properties along (100 segments), as opposed to averaging these measures across, the entire tract. To account for these 100 different segments of the cingulum bundle, a repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect of group (OCD < CONT; F
= 5.3; P = 0.024) upon fractional anisotropy (FA, a measure of fiber collinearity and/or white matter integrity), in the cingulum bundle, bilaterally. Further analyses revealed that these abnormalities were focal (middle portion) within the left and right cingulum bundle, although did not correlate with symptom severity in OCD. Findings indicate that focal abnormalities in connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and other prefrontal cortical regions may represent neural mechanisms of OCD.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Genomic studies in African populations provide unique opportunities to understand disease etiology, human diversity, and population history. In the largest study of its kind, comprising genome-wide ...data from 6,400 individuals and whole-genome sequences from 1,978 individuals from rural Uganda, we find evidence of geographically correlated fine-scale population substructure. Historically, the ancestry of modern Ugandans was best represented by a mixture of ancient East African pastoralists. We demonstrate the value of the largest sequence panel from Africa to date as an imputation resource. Examining 34 cardiometabolic traits, we show systematic differences in trait heritability between European and African populations, probably reflecting the differential impact of genes and environment. In a multi-trait pan-African GWAS of up to 14,126 individuals, we identify novel loci associated with anthropometric, hematological, lipid, and glycemic traits. We find that several functionally important signals are driven by Africa-specific variants, highlighting the value of studying diverse populations across the region.
Display omitted
•The Uganda Genome Resource comprises genetic and phenotypic data on 6,400 individuals•Ugandans show geographically correlated genetic substructure and complex admixture•The Uganda sequence panel substantially improves imputation in African populations•The Uganda Genome Resource enables novel discovery of loci associated with traits
Genome-wide data from Ugandans reveal insights into their ancestry, trait heritability, and loci associated with metabolic parameters, thereby providing a diverse resource for the study of African population genetics.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
The occurrence of sexual dysfunction side‐effects associated with finasteride use in men with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is thought to be less prevalent than is publicized. There is a ...need to investigate sexual dysfunction among finasteride users with population‐based controls.
Objective
To evaluate the presence of sexual dysfunction in men using finasteride or not using finasteride.
Method
Adult men visiting a dermatologist's office for any reason were asked to complete a survey including a modified version of the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) to assess the presence of sexual dysfunction with and without finasteride use.
Results
Data from 762 men aged 18–82 were collected: 663 finasteride users and 99 non‐finasteride users. There were no significant differences between finasteride users and non‐user controls in reporting sexual dysfunction using the ASEX. Regression analysis indicated that self‐reporting libido loss and reduced sexual performance, not finasteride use, predict a higher ASEX score.
Conclusion
The use of finasteride does not result in sexual dysfunction in men with AGA. These data are consistent with other large survey‐based controlled studies.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Malignant cells exhibit increased glycolytic metabolism, and in many cases increased glucose transporter gene expression. The authors hypothesized that GLUT1 glucose transporter expression is ...increased in colorectal carcinoma, and that the degree of expression might have prognostic significance.
GLUT1 glucose transporter immunostaining was studied in normal colon and benign colon adenomas and in 112 colorectal carcinomas from patients for whom long term clinical outcome was known.
GLUT1 immunostaining was absent in normal colorectal epithelium and tubular adenomas, and absent or only weakly apparent in tubulovillous adenomas. The majority of carcinomas (101 of 112; 90%) had GLUT1 immunostaining. Tumors from 92 patients had low GLUT1 expression (< 50% of cells were GLUT1 positive) and 19 of these patients (21%) died of disease during follow-up. In contrast, tumors from 20 patients had high GLUT1 expression (> 50% of cells were GLUT1 positive) and 9 of these patients (45%) died of disease during follow-up. Disease specific mortality was greater in patients with high GLUT1 tumors (relative risk of 2.4; P=0.02). In a multivariate analysis to assess whether high GLUT1 staining correlated with increased mortality independently of Dukes stage, the risk of death from colon carcinoma in the group with high GLUT1 staining was 2.3 times that in the group with low GLUT1 staining, a difference that approached statistical significance (P=0.07).
GLUT1 glucose transporter expression is associated strongly with neoplastic progression in the colon, and assessment of the extent of GLUT1 immunostaining in colorectal carcinoma identifies patients with a poorer prognosis.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Review of particle physics Hagiwara, K; Nakamura, K; Amsler, C ...
Physical review. D, Particles and fields,
07/2002, Volume:
66, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics Using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics This edition features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations For the first time we cover searches for evidence of extra dimensions (both in the particle listings and in a new review) Another new review is on Grand Unified Theories A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website http //pdg 1b1 gov.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
The combination of high resolution, spatial coverage, and continuity of photospheric Doppler and other data from HMI has allowed us to embark on a program of systematic exploration of solar ...subsurface flows and thermal structure variations using the technique of ring-diagram analysis on an unprecedented scale. Two ring-diagrams pipelines exist: a synoptic program aimed at mapping the evolution of the circulation and local subsurface flows on a global scale from the surface to depths of down to 0.9Rsun, and a targeted program designed to provide a comprehensive view of the thermal structure anomalies associated with loci of magnetic activity over the course of their life cycles. In this paper we describe the analysis techniques implemented in the processing pipelines.
PDF
