Abstract
The surface electron density significantly affects the photocatalytic efficiency, especially the photocatalytic CO
2
reduction reaction, which involves multi-electron participation in the ...conversion process. Herein, we propose a conceptually different mechanism for surface electron density modulation based on the model of Au anchored CdS. We firstly manipulate the direction of electron transfer by regulating the vacancy types of CdS. When electrons accumulate on vacancies instead of single Au atoms, the adsorption types of CO
2
change from physical adsorption to chemical adsorption. More importantly, the surface electron density is manipulated by controlling the size of Au nanostructures. When Au nanoclusters downsize to single Au atoms, the strong hybridization of Au 5
d
and S 2
p
orbits accelerates the photo-electrons transfer onto the surface, resulting in more electrons available for CO
2
reduction. As a result, the product generation rate of Au
SA
/Cd
1−x
S manifests a remarkable at least 113-fold enhancement compared with pristine Cd
1−x
S.
In the past 37 years, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has undergone various major transmission routes in China, with the world most complex co-circulating ...HIV-1 subtypes, even the prevalence is still low. In response to the first epidemic outbreak of HIV in injecting drug users and the second one by illegal commercial blood collection, China issued the Anti-Drug Law and launched the Blood Donation Act and nationwide nucleic acid testing, which has avoided 98,232 to 211,200 estimated infections and almost ended the blood product-related infection. China has been providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) since 2003, which covered >80% of the identified patients and achieved a viral suppression rate of 91%. To bend the curve of increasing the disease burden of HIV and finally end the epidemic, China should consider constraining HIV spread through sexual transmission, narrowing the gaps in identifying HIV cases, and the long-term effectiveness and safety of ART in the future.
Protein is an essential component of human diet and can be applied to many aspects in food systems due to its abundant nutritional value and functional properties. There are many physical methods ...that have been used to modify the inherent structure of protein to expand its application areas in the food industry. Among them, electric fields and electromagnetic wave technologies have attracted increasing attention on their abilities to modify food protein structure and functionality, due to the advantages of energy efficiency, food safety and minimal loss of nutrients.
The current review presents the effects of electric fields and electromagnetic wave including pulsed electric field, microwave, radio frequency and gamma irradiation on the changes in food protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) and functionality (solubility, apparent viscosity, emulsifying, foaming, and gelling properties). The affecting factors such as protein concentration and pH, and the strength and duration of electric fields and electromagnetic wave on the mechanisms and effectiveness of changes in protein structure and functional properties are introduced, and the advantages and limitations of these technologies for protein modification are also discussed.
Applications of electric fields and electromagnetic wave can induce the conformational changes of protein via the creation of free radicals or larger or smaller molecules, damaging the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of protein, and thus influence the functional properties. Therefore electric fields and electromagnetic wave are useful methods to modify food protein structure and functionality for the food industry, and active researches focus on multi-technology corporations for modifying protein structure are urgently required.
•Perspectives from electric and electromagnetic fields techniques are presented.•Mechanisms of electromagnetic fields on protein structure are compared and discussed.•Future trends to apply these techniques for protein modification are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Cancer immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of malignant tumors, but its effectiveness is limited by the low immune response rate and immune‐related adverse events. ...Pyroptosis, as an inflammatory programmed cell death type, triggers strong acute inflammatory response and antitumor immunity, converting “cold” tumors to “hot”. Particularly, biomaterials loading pyroptosis inducers targeting the tumor microenvironment to engineer pyroptosis, have achieved great progress in recent years. Herein, the design strategy, mechanism pathway, and role of biomaterials to induce pyroptosis in cancer immunotherapy are comprehensively reviewed. The present review focuses on the application of biomaterials‐induced pyroptosis in cancer immunotherapy, including nanogel, polymer prodrug, nanovesicle, and mesoporous material. Additionally, the synthesis of a series of stimuli‐responsive nanoplatforms, including glutathione‐responsive, pH‐responsive, reactive oxygen species‐responsive, and enzyme‐mimicking catalytic performance, is described. Meanwhile, it augments multiple immune response processes of cell uptake, antigen presentation, T‐cell activation, and expansion. Finally, the perspectives of pyroptosis‐mediated inflammation to break through the tumor vascular basement membrane barrier achieving efficient volcanic penetration of biomaterials are discussed. Artificial intelligence, multi‐omics analysis, and anthropogenic animal models of organoids are presented, aiming to provide guidance and assistance for constructing effective and controllable pyroptosis‐engineered biomaterials and improving tumor immunotherapy.
Cancer immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of malignancies, but its effectiveness is limited by low immune response rates. Tailored biomaterials precisely elicit pyroptosis, which is the plausible way to fuel a strong antitumor immune response. In this review, the design strategies, and mechanisms of biomaterial to induce pyroptosis and significance in tumor immunotherapy are discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of a molecule/metal-semiconductor hybrid system has attracted considerable interest and regarded as the synergetic contribution of the ...electromagnetic and chemical enhancements from the incorporation of noble metal into semiconductor nanomaterials. However, the underlying mechanism is still to be revealed in detail. Herein, we report an irreversible accumulated SERS behavior induced by near-infrared (NIR) light irradiating on a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid linked with silver and silver-doped titanium dioxide (4MBA/Ag/Ag-doped TiO
) hybrid system. With increasing irradiation time, the SERS intensity of 4MBA shows an irreversible exponential increase, and the Raman signal of the Ag/Ag-doped TiO
substrate displays an exponential decrease. A microscopic understanding of the time-dependent SERS behavior is derived based on the microanalysis of the Ag/Ag-doped TiO
nanostructure and the molecular dynamics, which is attributed to three factors: (1) higher crystallinity of Ag/Ag-doped TiO
substrate; (2) photo-induced charge transfer; (3) charge-induced molecular reorientation.
Pathological TDP‐43 aggregation is characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD‐TDP); however, how ...TDP‐43 aggregation and function are regulated remain poorly understood. Here, we show that O‐GlcNAc transferase OGT‐mediated O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 suppresses ALS‐associated proteinopathies and promotes TDP‐43's splicing function. Biochemical and cell‐based assays indicate that OGT's catalytic activity suppresses TDP‐43 aggregation and hyperphosphorylation, whereas abolishment of TDP‐43 O‐GlcNAcylation impairs its RNA splicing activity. We further show that TDP‐43 mutations in the O‐GlcNAcylation sites improve locomotion defects of larvae and adult flies and extend adult life spans, following TDP‐43 overexpression in Drosophila motor neurons. We finally demonstrate that O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 promotes proper splicing of many mRNAs, including STMN2, which is required for normal axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Our findings suggest that O‐GlcNAcylation might be a target for the treatment of TDP‐43‐linked pathogenesis.
SYNOPSIS
O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 suppresses TDP‐43 proteinophathies and promotes TDP‐43’s mRNA splicing activity, with potential implications for ALS/FTLD pathogenesis.
TDP‐43 can be O‐GlcNAcylated by the enzyme OGT in vitro and in vivo, and O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 suppresses protein aggregation and hyperphosphorylation.
TDP‐43 O‐GlcNAcylation affects the locomotion and longevity of Drosophila.
O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 prevents aberrant splicing of key neuron genes, such as STMN2, Dnajc5, and Sort1.
O‐GlcNAcylation of TDP‐43 suppresses TDP‐43 proteinophathies and promotes TDP‐43’s mRNA splicing activity, with potential implications for ALS/FTLD pathogenesis.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Exploiting high-performance, low-cost, and robust bifunctional catalysts toward electrochemical water splitting is of great importance, but remains challenging. Herein, a novel hybrid electrocatalyst ...of Ni-Fe-Ru-based phosphide heterostructures directly grown on nickel foam (Ni
2
P-Fe
2
P-Ru
2
P/NF) is synthesized by a simple two-step strategy. When assessed as a bifunctional catalyst toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the resultant Ni
2
P-Fe
2
P-Ru
2
P/NF electrode shows remarkable electrocatalytic performance and long-time durability in alkaline electrolytes due to the collaborative contributions of abundant heterointerfaces, good conductivity, and 3D porous architecture. As expected, to afford a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
, the as-prepared Ni
2
P-Fe
2
P-Ru
2
P/NF merely requires low overpotentials of 195 and 78.6 mV for the OER and HER, respectively, comparable to most bifunctional electrocatalysts reported to date. The Ni
2
P-Fe
2
P-Ru
2
P/NF//Ni
2
P-Fe
2
P-Ru
2
P/NF electrolyzer demonstrates a low voltage of 1.49 V for 10 mA cm
−2
along with excellent stability, exceeding that of Pt-C/NF//IrO
2
/NF (1.64 V). Furthermore, the H
2
generation driven by commercial solar cells is evaluated to stimulate practical applications in the future.
Exploiting high-performance, low-cost, and robust bifunctional catalysts toward electrochemical water splitting is of great importance, but remains challenging.
Despite macrocyclic arene chemistry has achieved rapid development in recent years, the synthesis of new macrocyclic arenes from the aromatic rings with no directing groups remains a considerable ...challenge. In this work, a new type of macrocyclic arene, naphth4arene (NA4A), composed of four naphthalene rings bridged by methylene groups, was successfully synthesized by a macrocycle-to-macrocycle conversion strategy. NA4A shows 1,3-alternate and 1,2-alternate conformations in solid state, and they can be selectively obtained. By supramolecular co-assembly of NA4A and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) in different concentrations and ambient temperatures, two conformation-dependent crystalline luminescent co-assemblies 1,2-NTC and 1,3-NTC can be selectively prepared as well. Interestingly, the two charge transfer crystalline assemblies containing NA4A with different conformation emit bright yellow and green fluorescence, respectively, and also display high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 45% and 43%. Furthermore, the two crystalline assemblies can exhibit color-tunable two-photon excited upconversion emission property. This work provides a new perspective and route for fabricating color-tunable supramolecular crystalline luminescent materials regulated by the conformations of macrocyclic arene.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions were recently identified in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID); however, it remains unclear whether they occur in other neurodegenerative disorders. This ...study aimed to investigate the role of intermediate‐length NOTCH2NLC GGC repeat expansions in Parkinson disease (PD). We screened for GGC repeat expansions in a cohort of 1,011 PD patients and identified 11 patients with intermediate‐length repeat expansions ranging from 41 to 52 repeats, with no repeat expansions in 1,134 controls. Skin biopsy revealed phospho‐alpha‐synuclein deposition, confirming the PD diagnosis in 2 patients harboring intermediate‐length repeat expansions instead of NIID or essential tremor. Fibroblasts from PD patients harboring intermediate‐length repeat expansions revealed NOTCH2NLC upregulation and autophagic dysfunction. Our results suggest that intermediate‐length repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC are potentially associated with PD. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:182–187
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Over the past decades, supramolecular luminescent materials (SLMs) have attracted considerable attention due to their dynamic noncovalent interactions, versatile functions, and intriguing ...applications in many research fields. From construction to application, great efforts and progress have been made in color‐tunable SLMs in recent years. In order to realize multicolor luminescence, various design strategies have been proposed. Macrocyclic chemistry, one of the brightest jewels in the field of supramolecular chemistry, has played a crucial role in the construction of stimuli‐responsive and emission‐tunable SLMs. Moreover, the flexible and tunable conformation and multiple noncovalent complexation sites of the macrocyclic arenes (MAs) afford a new opportunity to create such dynamic smart luminescent materials. Inspired by our reported work on the color‐tunable supramolecular crystalline assemblies modulated by the conformation of naphth4arene, this Concept provides a summary of the latest developments in the construction of color‐tunable MA‐based SLMs, accompanied by the various construction strategies. The aim is to provide researchers with a new perspective to construct color‐tunable SLMs with fascinating functions.
This Concept summarizes the developments and advances in designing strategies toward macrocyclic arene (MA)‐based color‐tunable supramolecular luminescent materials (SLMs). Included discussions are those about metal coordination, stimuli‐responses, guest‐dependence, and conformation modulation where multiple supramolecular systems such as assemblies, host‐guest complexes, and crystalline materials are involved.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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