With the advances in scientific foundations and technological implementations, optical metrology has become versatile problem-solving backbones in manufacturing, fundamental research, and engineering ...applications, such as quality control, nondestructive testing, experimental mechanics, and biomedicine. In recent years, deep learning, a subfield of machine learning, is emerging as a powerful tool to address problems by learning from data, largely driven by the availability of massive datasets, enhanced computational power, fast data storage, and novel training algorithms for the deep neural network. It is currently promoting increased interests and gaining extensive attention for its utilization in the field of optical metrology. Unlike the traditional "physics-based" approach, deep-learning-enabled optical metrology is a kind of "data-driven" approach, which has already provided numerous alternative solutions to many challenging problems in this field with better performances. In this review, we present an overview of the current status and the latest progress of deep-learning technologies in the field of optical metrology. We first briefly introduce both traditional image-processing algorithms in optical metrology and the basic concepts of deep learning, followed by a comprehensive review of its applications in various optical metrology tasks, such as fringe denoising, phase retrieval, phase unwrapping, subset correlation, and error compensation. The open challenges faced by the current deep-learning approach in optical metrology are then discussed. Finally, the directions for future research are outlined.
A novel core-shell composite based on UiO-66-NH2@COF has been successfully prepared by covalent coupling and used as a platform for constructing ultrasensitive electrochemical aptasensors. This work ...establishes a new platform for biosensing using the MOF@COF composite to accurately and rapidly detect analyte for food safety and biological monitoring.
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•The UiO-66-NH2@COF composite is successfully fabricated by a covalent linking approach.•This composite-based electrochemical aptasensor exhibits excellent electrochemical detection performance for ATP and CAP.•This aptasensor can precisely monitor analytes in various real samples.
Exploration and construction of novel porous core-shell composites is of crucial significance due to their prospectively enhanced performances and far-ranging applications. Herein, microporous UiO-66-NH2 as a MOF core is coated by a mesoporous TAPB-DMTP−COF shell to construct the UiO-66-NH2@COF composite via a covalent linking approach. Importantly, the composite with retentive crystallinity and hierarchical porosity significantly improves the electrochemical detection performance, for instance ATP and antibiotic, because this composite has the high affinity between the phosphate groups of aptamers and dense Zr(IV) sites, and strong π-π stacking interaction between aptamers and this MOF@COF. The synthetic strategy in this systematic research expands a rational design for other MOF@COF core-shell hybrid materials to expand their promising applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An asymmetric synthesis of a series of tricycle‐fused dispirooxindoles frameworks assembled in different rings was disclosed via multicomponent cascade 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of ...electron‐deficient 2‐pyrones and trifluoroethylisatin ketimines under the catalysis of hydroquinine or (DHQD)2PHAL with 61→99% ee and >19:1 dr. Meanwhile, these potentially biologically important dispirooxindoles fused pyrrolidinyl/tetrahydropyranone/pyrrolidinyl frame‐works bear eight contiguous stereocenters and functionalized pharmacophores which could further transfer to linaer dispirooxindoles and spirooxindoles bearing epoxyethyl moiety with retentive enantioselectivity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Azomethine imines, as a prominent class of 1,3‐dipolar species, hold great significance and potential in organic and medicinal chemistry. However, the reported synthesis of centrally chiral ...azomethine imines relies on kinetic resolution, and the construction of axially chiral azomethine imines remains unexplored. Herein, we present the synthesis of axially chiral azomethine imines through copper‐ or chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed ring‐closure reactions of N′‐(2‐alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazides, showcasing high efficiency, mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, the biological evaluation revealed that the synthesized axially chiral azomethine imines effectively protect dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by inhibiting apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin, offering a promising therapeutic approach for chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Remarkably, the (S)‐ and (R)‐atropisomers displayed distinct neuroprotective activities, underscoring the significance of axial stereochemistry.
The synthesis of axially chiral azomethine imines through copper‐ or chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)‐catalyzed ring closure of N′‐(2‐alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazides is described, showing high efficiency, mild conditions, broad scope, and excellent enantioselectivity. Biological studies revealed the neuroprotective activity of the S product for dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by inhibiting apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
One of the challenges surrounding nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is to discover the mechanisms that underlie the initiation of it. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects ...of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in liver parenchymal cells during the early stage of NAFLD. Male TLR4‐wildtype, TLR4‐knockout, TLR2‐knockout, MyD88‐knockout, and TRIF‐knockout mice were fed a normal diet or high‐fat diet (HFD). Liver steatosis, alanine aminotransferase levels, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) (p65), macrophage accumulation, and neutrophil infiltration were assessed. Using Kupffer cell depletion or bone marrow transplantation, we examined the potential role of Kupffer cells and myeloid infiltrating cells during the initiation of NAFLD. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were implemented to determine the release of high‐mobility group box1 (HMGB1). The neutral‐antibody against HMGB1 was used to block the activity of free HMGB1. Here we report that the activation of TLR4 signaling in hepatocytes, accompanied with the relocation of P65 in nucleus, was proven to play an important role during the initiation of NAFLD. Importantly, HMGB1 releasing from hepatocytes in response to free fatty acid (FFA) infusion was first reported as the key molecule for the TLR4/MyD88 activation and cytokines expression in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with neutralizing antibody to HMGB1 protects against FFA‐induced tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐6 production. Conclusion: Our study supports the notion that TLR4/MyD88 signaling in liver parenchymal cells plays a pivotal role during the early progression of HFD‐induced NAFLD, in which free HMGB1 served as a positive component mediating TLR4 activation. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Current international guidelines recommend aerobic, resistance, and combined exercises for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In our study, we conducted a network meta-analysis to ...assess the comparative impact of different exercise training modalities on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and weight loss in patients with T2DM.
We searched five electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the differences between different exercise training modalities for patients with T2DM. The risk of bias in the included RCTs was evaluated according to the Cochrane tool. Network meta-analysis was performed to calculate mean difference the ratio of the mean and absolute risk differences. Data were analyzed using R-3.4.0.
A total of 37 studies with 2208 patients with T2DM were included in our study. Both supervised aerobic and supervised resistance exercises showed a significant reduction in HbA1c compared to no exercise (0.30% lower, 0.30% lower, respectively), however, there was a less reduction when compared to combined exercise (0.17% higher, 0.23% higher). Supervised aerobic also presented more significant improvement than no exercise in fasting plasma glucose (9.38 mg/dl lower), total cholesterol (20.24 mg/dl lower), triacylglycerol (19.34 mg/dl lower), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (11.88 mg/dl lower). Supervised resistance showed more benefit than no exercise in improving systolic blood pressure (3.90 mmHg lower) and total cholesterol (22.08 mg/dl lower. In addition, supervised aerobic exercise was more powerful in improving HbA1c and weight loss than unsupervised aerobic (HbA1c: 0.60% lower; weight loss: 5.02 kg lower) and unsupervised resistance (HbA1c: 0.53% lower) exercises.
Compared with either supervised aerobic or supervised resistance exercise alone, combined exercise showed more pronounced improvement in HbA1c levels; however, there was a less marked improvement in some cardiovascular risk factors. In terms of weight loss, there were no significant differences among the combined, supervised aerobic, and supervised resistance exercises.
Our study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); registration number: CRD42017067518 .
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity potassium transporter 1 (AtHKT1) limits the root-to-shoot sodium transportation and is believed to be essential for salt tolerance in A. thaliana. Nevertheless, ...natural accessions with 'weak allele' of AtHKT1, e.g. Tsu-1, are mainly distributed in saline areas and are more tolerant to salinity. These findings challenge the role of AtHKT1 in salt tolerance and call into question the involvement of AtHKT1 in salinity adaptation in A. thaliana. Here, we report that AtHKT1 indeed drives natural variation in the salt tolerance of A. thaliana and the coastal AtHKT1, so-called weak allele, is actually hyper-functional in reducing flowers sodium content upon salt stress. Our data showed that AtHKT1 positively contributes to saline adaptation in a linear manner. Forward and reverse genetics analysis established that the single AtHKT1 locus is responsible for the variation in the salinity adaptation between Col-0 and Tsu-1. Reciprocal grafting experiments revealed that shoot AtHKT1 determines the salt tolerance of Tsu-1, whereas root AtHKT1 primarily drives the salt tolerance of Col-0. Furthermore, evidence indicated that Tsu-1 AtHKT1 is highly expressed in stems and is more effective compared to Col-0 AtHKT1 at limiting sodium flow to the flowers. Such efficient retrieval of sodium to the reproductive organ endows Tsu-1 with stronger fertility compared to Col-0 upon salt stress, thus improving Tsu-1 adaptation to a coastal environment. To conclude, our data not only confirm the role of AtHKT1 in saline adaptation, but also sheds light on our understanding of the salt tolerance mechanisms in plants.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Qishen Yiqi Pills (QSYQ) is a classical herbal formula for treating heart failure (HF) and has potential efficacy in improving cognitive function. The latter is one of the most common complications ...in patients with HF. However, there is no study on treating HF-related cognitive dysfunction by QSYQ.
The study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of QSYQ on treating post-HF cognitive dysfunction based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.
Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking was used to explore endogenous targets of QSYQ in treating cognitive impairment. Ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery and sleep deprivation (SD) were used to induce HF-related cognitive dysfunction in rats. The efficacy and potential signal targets of QSYQ were then verified by functional evaluation, pathological staining, and molecular biology experiments.
384 common targets were identified by intersecting QSYQ ‘compound targets’ and ‘cognitive dysfunction’ disease targets. KEGG analysis showed these targets were enriched to the cAMP signal, and four marks responsible for regulating the cAMP signal were successfully docked with core compounds of QSYQ. Animal experiments demonstrated that QSYQ significantly ameliorated cardiac function and cognitive function in rats suffering from HF and SD, inhibited the reduction of cAMP and BDNF content, reversed the upregulation of PDE4 and downregulation of CREB, suppressed the loss of neurons, and restored the expression of synaptic protein PSD95 in the hippocampus.
This study clarified that QSYQ could improve HF-related cognitive dysfunction by modulating cAMP-CREB-BDNF signals. It provides a rich basis for the potential mechanism of QSYQ in the treatment of heart failure with cognitive dysfunction.
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•QSYQ ameliorated cognitive dysfunction caused by HF combined with SD.•cAMP signal contributed to HF-related cognitive dysfunction through the regulation of synaptic plasticity.•cAMP-CREB-BDNF was involved in the efficacy of QSYQ against cognitive dysfunction caused by HF and SD.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background and Aim
Although several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported that supplemental simethicone (SIM) can improve bowel preparation based on polyethylene glycol, there is no ...consensus as to whether SIM can ultimately increase the adenoma detection rate (ADR) during colonoscopy. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effect of SIM on ADR during colonoscopy.
Methods
Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to find relevant RCTs. RCTs evaluating the effect of pre‐procedure SIM on the ADR during colonoscopy were finally included, and fixed effect models were applied.
Results
Six trials involving 1855 patients were finally included. The present meta‐analysis suggested that the ADR during colonoscopy was significantly increased by supplemental SIM (27.9% vs 23.3%, P = 0.02), with a relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.39). Subgroup analysis suggested that supplemental SIM may be more useful to improve ADR during colonoscopy in endoscopic centers with low baseline ADR.
Conclusions
Supplemental SIM for bowel preparation based on polyethylene glycol is useful to improve the ADR during colonoscopy.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Adventitious roots (ARs) are an important root type for plants and display a high phenotypic plasticity in response to different environmental stimuli. Previous studies found that dark–light ...transition can trigger AR formation from the hypocotyl of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana, which was used as a model for the identification of regulators of AR biogenesis. However, the central regulatory machinery for darkness‐induced hypocotyl AR (HAR) remains elusive. Here, we report that photoreceptors suppress HAR biogenesis through regulating the molecular module essential for lateral roots. We found that hypocotyls embedded in soil or in continuous darkness are able to develop HARs, wherein photoreceptors act as negative regulators. Distinct from wound‐induced ARs that require WOX11 and WOX12, darkness‐induced HARs are fully dependent on ARF7, ARF19, WOX5/7, and LBD16. Further studies established that PHYB interacts with IAA14, ARF7, and ARF9. The interactions stabilize IAA14 and inhibit the transcriptional activities of ARF7 and ARF19 and thus suppress biogenesis of darkness‐induced HARs. This finding not only revealed the central machinery controlling HAR biogenesis but also illustrated that AR formation could be initiated by multiple pathways.
Significance Statement
The hypocotyl adventitious root (HAR) is a special type of root, which is important for environmental adaptation of plants in the seedling stage. Here we report that darkness improves HAR formation and photoreceptors inhibit this process through stabilizing IAA14 and suppressing ARF7 and ARF19.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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