The comprehension of spoken language is one of the most essential language functions in humans. However, the neurological underpinnings of auditory comprehension remain under debate. Here we used ...multi‐modal neuroimaging analyses on a group of patients with low‐grade gliomas to localize cortical regions and white matter tracts responsible for auditory language comprehension. Region‐of‐interests and voxel‐level whole‐brain analyses showed that cortical areas in the posterior temporal lobe are crucial for language comprehension. The fiber integrity assessed with diffusion tensor imaging of the arcuate fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus was strongly correlated with both auditory comprehension and the grey matter volume of the inferior temporal and middle temporal gyri. Together, our findings provide direct evidence for an integrated network of auditory comprehension whereby the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, the posterior parts of the middle and inferior temporal gyri serve as auditory comprehension cortex, and the arcuate fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus subserve as crucial structural connectivity. These findings provide critical evidence on the neural underpinnings of language comprehension.
Our findings provide direct evidence for an integrated network of auditory comprehension whereby not only the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus but the posterior parts of the middle and inferior temporal gyri also serve as auditory comprehension cortex, and the arcuate fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus subserve as crucial structural connectivity. These findings provide new evidence on the neural underpinnings of language comprehension
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
It is vital to understand the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism at the molecular level for the rational design and synthesis of high activity fuel‐cell catalysts. Surface enhanced Raman ...spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique capable of detecting the bond vibrations of surface species in the low wavenumber range, however, using it to probe practical nanocatalysts remains extremely challenging. Herein, shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) was used to investigate ORR processes on the surface of bimetallic Pt3Co nanocatalyst structures. Direct spectroscopic evidence of *OOH suggests that ORR undergoes an associative mechanism on Pt3Co in both acidic and basic environments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the weak *O adsorption arise from electronic effect on the Pt3Co surface accounts for enhanced ORR activity. This work shows SHINERS is a promising technique for the real‐time observation of catalytic processes.
SHINERS (shell‐isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy) was used to reveal in situ the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process on Pt3Co nanocatalysts. An associative mechanism was proposed for ORR on nanocatalysts and the weaker *O adsorption lead to the improved activity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The rainfall distribution in a tropical cyclone (TC) is affected by many factors/processes. Most of previous studies have focused on individual TCs. Little is known about the rainfall distribution in ...binary TCs. This study examines the rainfall distribution in binary TCs over the western North Pacific based on the observational data. When two TCs become nearby, the asymmetric component of rainfall shows an increasing trend with rainfall significantly suppressed in Quadrant IV of the TC located to the west when orienting the two TCs in the west‐east direction. The suppression becomes remarkable once the separation distance between the two TCs is within about 2,050 km. Furthermore, the convective activity in one TC is related to the deep‐layer vertical wind shear (VWS) from its companion. Rainfall is enhanced downshear‐left in a TC, consistent with a single TC embedded in an environmental VWS as found in previous studies.
Plain Language Summary
The rainfall distribution in each tropical cyclone (TC) of binary‐TC systems may be more complicated than that in a single TC. Whether the rainfalls of binary TCs have some special features has not been studied before. This observational study examines the rainfall distribution in binary TCs over the western North Pacific during 2001–2020. The results show that the asymmetric component of TC rainfalls strengthened with the decreasing of the separation distance between the two TCs. If orient binary TCs in the west‐east direction, the rainfalls of the western TC were distinctly weakened in its Quadrant IV. The suppression effect cannot be neglected within 2,050‐km separation distance between binary TCs. Composite analyses indicate that the asymmetric rainfalls in one of the binary TCs were related to the deep‐layer vertical wind shear induced by its companion. The consistent pattern of rainfall asymmetry indicates a highly predictable component of rainfall distribution at vortex‐scale in binary TCs and can help improve the precipitation forecast of binary TCs.
Key Points
The rainfall asymmetry increases with the decreasing separation distance between binary tropical cyclones (TCs)
If the two TCs are oriented west‐east and within about 2,050 km, rainfall in the western TC is suppressed in its Quadrant IV
The asymmetric convective activity in one TC can be explained by the deep‐layer vertical wind shear from its companion
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No tropical cyclone (TC) formed over the western North Pacific (WNP) in July 2020, which is record‐breaking. Some recent studies suggested that this extreme event was mainly caused by the strong WNP ...subtropical high (WNPSH) in July 2020, which might not be the only reason. In this study, results from statistical and composite analyses indicate that the strong WNPSH, the strong South Asian high, the westward extended tropical upper‐tropospheric trough, and the weak South Asian summer monsoon are all detrimental to TC genesis over the WNP and might contribute to the absence of TCs in July 2020. Results from sensitivity experiments using a regional atmospheric model that can resolve TCs further demonstrate that it was the collective effect, not any of the individual large‐scale circulation anomalies, that induced the extremely unfavorable conditions for TC genesis and thus led to the record‐breaking inactive TC month.
Plain Language Summary
Tropical cyclones (TCs) become more active during the typhoon season (from July to September) over the western North Pacific (WNP). However, it is an exception in the records that no TC formed over the WNP in July 2020. Some recent studies suggest that this extreme event was mainly caused by the strong WNP subtropical high (WNPSH) in July 2020. This study identified four large‐scale circulation anomalies that are detrimental to TC genesis over the WNP and might contribute to this extremely inactive TC event, including the strong WNPSH, the strong South Asian high (SAH), the westward extended tropical upper‐tropospheric trough, and the weak South Asian summer monsoon (SASM). The strong WNPSH reduced the mid‐level moisture and the low‐level vorticity; the strong SAH and the westward shift of the tropical upper‐tropospheric trough increased the deep‐level vertical wind shear; and the weak SASM could not provide sufficient low‐level relative vorticity. It is the combined effect, not any of the individual large‐scale circulation anomalies, that induced the extremely unfavorable conditions for TC genesis and led to the absence of TCs over the WNP in July 2020.
Key Points
No tropical cyclone (TC) formed over the western North Pacific (WNP) in July 2020, an extreme month that has never occurred in history
It is due to the combination of anomalies in the WNP subtropical high, the South Asian high, the South Asian summer monsoon, and the tropical upper‐tropospheric trough
TC‐resolving numerical experiments demonstrate the detrimental contributions of all the four large‐scale atmospheric circulations
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Cell membrane–based nanosystems with desirable characteristics have been studied extensively for many therapeutic applications. However, current research has focused on single cell membrane, and ...multifunctional fused membrane materials from different membrane types are still rare. Herein, a platelet–cancer stem cell (CSC) hybrid membrane‐coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (MN) {CSC‐PMN} is presented for the first time for the enhanced photothermal therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Inherited from the original source cells, the platelet membrane shows immune evading ability due to the surface marker comprising a number of “don't eat me” signals, and the CSC membrane has homotypic targeting capabilities due to the specific surface adhesion molecules. The CSC‐PMNs possess superior characteristics for immune evasion, active cancer targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, and photothermal therapy. Compared with single cell membrane–coated MNs, CSC‐PMNs exhibit prolonged circulation times and enhanced targeting abilities. Moreover, the CSC‐PMNs exhibit a superior photothermal ability that provides excellent HNSCC tumor growth inhibition, particularly in an immunocompetent Tgfbr1/Pten conditional double knockout HNSCC mouse model that contains a more complex tumor microenvironment that is similar to the human HNSCC microenvironment. Collectively, this biomimetic multimembrane‐coated nanoplatform may provide enhanced antitumor efficacy in the complex tumor microenvironment.
A natural cancer stem cell‐platelet hybrid mimic membrane is collected from tumor‐bearing mice and further used for magnetic nanoparticle coating. The obtained biomimetic nanoparticles are then injected into the same mice for magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy. The work presents a novel design strategy for personalized cancer theranostics.
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The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of mid‐brain disorders. Clinically, cell therapeutic solutions, by increasing the neurotransmitter dopamine levels ...in the patients, are hindered by low efficiency and/or side effects. Here, a strategy using electromagnetized nanoparticles to modulate neural plasticity and recover degenerative dopamine neurons in vivo is reported. Remarkably, electromagnetic fields generated by the nanoparticles under ultrasound stimulation modulate intracellular calcium signaling to influence synaptic plasticity and control neural behavior. Dopaminergic neuronal functions are reversed by upregulating the expression tyrosine hydroxylase, thus resulting in ameliorating the neural behavioral disorders in zebrafish. This wireless tool can serve as a viable and safe strategy for the regenerative therapy of the neurodegenerative disorders.
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is a most common age‐related disorder in the central nervous system. A break‐through idea using electromagnetized nanoparticles to mediate neural plasticity and recover the functions of degenerative dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of a Parkinson's disease animal model is conceived. A significant advance in remote and regenerative cell therapy of the neurodegenerative diseases is thus provided.
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The Large Optical/infrared Telescope (LOT) is a ground-based 12 m diameter optical/infrared telescope which is proposed to be built in the western part of China in the next decade. Based on satellite ...remote sensing data, along with geographical, logistical and political considerations, three candidate sites were chosen for ground-based astronomical performance monitoring. These sites include: Ali in Tibet, Daocheng in Sichuan and Muztagh-ata in Xinjiang. Up until now, all three sites have continuously collected data for two years. In this paper, we will introduce this site testing campaign, and present its monitoring results obtained during the period between March 2017 and March 2019.
A differential third-order Chebyshev filtering microstrip antenna array with high common-mode (CM) rejection is presented. The feeding structure consisting of one line resonator and one H-shaped ...resonator as well as the microstrip antenna elements together provide the three stages in the bandpass filter design. Under differential-mode excitation, the H-shaped resonator can be effectively coupled with the line resonator, and thus differential signals can be radiated. However, under CM excitation, the H-shaped resonator cannot be excited so that the CM suppression can be achieved. A prototype antenna array with center frequency at 3.5 GHz has been designed and fabricated to experimentally validate the principle and design approach. Experimental results exhibit that the proposed differential filtering antenna array features high CM rejection, low cross-polarization level, and good filtering response.
Clarifying interfacial electronic effects on molecular adsorption is significant in many chemical and biochemical processes. Here, we used STM breaking junction and shell‐isolated ...nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to probe electron transport and adsorption geometries of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐BPY) at Au(111). Modifying the surface with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation‐containing ionic liquids (ILs) decreases surface electron density and stabilizes a vertical orientation of pyridine through nitrogen atom σ‐bond interactions, resulting in uniform adsorption configurations for forming molecular junctions. Modulation from vertical, tilted, to flat, is achieved on adding water to ILs, leading to a new peak ascribed to CC stretching of adsorbed pyridyl ring and 316 % modulation of single‐molecule conductance. The dihedral angle between adsorbed pyridyl ring and surface decreases with increasing surface electronic density, enhancing electron donation from surface to pyridyl ring.
STM breaking junction and shell‐isolated nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy techniques have been successfully applied to probe a solvent modification induced interfacial electronic effect on tuning contact geometries and electron transport of pyridyl molecules at atomically flat Au (111). Modulation of binding geometry from vertical to tilted and flat is observed and a 316 % modulation of single‐molecule conductance is achieved.
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The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has been implicated in embryonic development, tissue repair, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, but its receptors remain unidentified. We report that PGRN bound ...directly to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and disturbed the TNFα-TNFR interaction. PGRN-deficient mice were susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, and administration of PGRN reversed inflammatory arthritis. Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three PGRN fragments, exhibited selective TNFR binding. PGRN and Atsttrin prevented inflammation in multiple arthritis mouse models and inhibited TNFα-activated intracellular signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGRN is a ligand of TNFR, an antagonist of TNFα signaling, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis in mice. They also suggest new potential therapeutic interventions for various TNFα-mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.
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