A kind of compact all-fiber-optic vector magnetic sensor is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor consists of a side-polished-fiber (SPF)-integrated with singlemode-no core-singlemode (SNS) fiber ...structure. A section of side-polished fiber breaks the axially symmetry of the composite structure. The as-fabricated sensor supports vector sensing and has a magnetic field strength sensitivity of up to -2370 pm/mT over 2-6 mT range. The physical mechanism is that the modal interference is strongly influenced by the refractive index (RI) near the side-polished surface. The advantages of the proposed sensor lie in low cost, simple structure and easy manufacture, which make it attractive in the field of magnetic field vector sensing.
A novel fiber-optic vector magnetic field sensor and its sensing quality dependent of fabrication method has been proposed and investigated. The proposed sensor has two surfaces on the tip of a ...multimode fiber, which is used as the sensing probe. By plating different thickness of gold film on the surfaces, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be generated and the signal can be reflected by the surfaces as well. Meanwhile, magnetic fluid (MF) as the magnetic field sensitive material is packed around the sensing probe. The experimental results prove that the response of MF to external magnetic field can be used to sense magnetic field intensity and direction via monitoring the dip wavelength of SPR. The obtained refractive index (RI) sensitivities are 2105 nm/RIU (RI range: 1.332–1.365) and 6692 nm/RIU (RI range: 1.372–1.411), magnetic field intensity sensitivities are 11.67 nm/mT (0°), and −0.47 nm/mT (90°). Besides, the proposed sensing probe is ultracompact and the footprint is extremely small (the length of sensing part is only 615 μm), which is very helpful for magnetic field detection in narrow space and gradient field.
A kind of dual-parameter sensor based on magnetic-fluid-coated nonadiabatic tapered microfiber (NTF) cascaded with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Simultaneous ...measurement of magnetic field and temperature is realized by monitoring the variation of NTF interference spectrum and FBG characteristic dip. In the magnetic field range of 0-18 mT, the highest magnetic field sensitivity can reach 1.159 nm/mT. The maximum temperature sensitivity is up to −1.737 nm/°C in the temperature range of 25-50 °C. The proposed magnetic-fluid-coated NTF interferometer cascaded with FBG will find extensive application prospect due to its high sensitivity, easy fabrication, compactness, strong robustness, and low cost.
A kind of novel and compact magnetic field sensor has been proposed and investigated experimentally. The proposed sensor consists of a tapered single mode fiber coupled with a nanostructured magnetic ...fluid-infiltrated photonic crystal fiber, which is easy to be fabricated. The response of magnetic fluid to magnetic field is used to measure the intensity of magnetic field via whispering gallery mode. The magnetic field-dependent shift in resonance wavelength is observed. The maximum magnetic field intensity sensitivity is 53 pm/mT. The sensor sensitivity is inversely proportional to the thickness of the photonic crystal fiber cladding.
A kind of bent multimode fiber (MMF) vector magnetic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was proposed. By plating gold film on the curved part of the bent multimode fiber, the surface ...plasmon mode (SPM) was excited via a whispering gallery mode (WGM). Fabricating the structure only required bending the fiber and plating it with gold, which perfectly ensured the integrity of the fiber and made it more robust compared with other structures. The sensor used magnetic fluid (MF) as the magnetically sensitive material. Through monitoring the shift of the surface plasmon resonance dip, the as-fabricated sensor not only had a high magnetic field intensity sensitivity of 9749 pm/mT but could also measure the direction of a magnetic field with a high sensitivity of 546.5 pm/°. The additional advantages of the proposed sensor lay in its easy fabrication and good integrity, which make it attractive in the field of vector-magnetic-field sensing.
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•Magnetic fluids can be easily integrated with optical fiber.•The sensing structure made of microfiber coupler has a large evanescent field.•At the dispersion turning point, the theoretical ...sensitivity can be infinite.•The problem of high sensitivity but narrow detection range can be solved.
A kind of ultrasensitive magnetic field sensor based on microfiber coupler and magnetic fluid (MF) is proposed and investigated. As the working wavelength is near the birefringence-induced dispersion turning point (B-DTP), the sensitivity has been enhanced considerably and the maximum sensitivity can achieve −97.856 nm/mT. By tracking the B-DTP, the problem of high sensitivity but narrow detection range can be solved. The temperature sensitivity of the structure is 0.816 nm/℃. The proposed sensor has the advantages of extremely high sensitivity, which has the potential applications in high-precision magnetic field measurement.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Neuronal voltage changes which are dependent on chloride transporters and channels are involved in forming neural functions during early development and maintaining their stability until adulthood. ...The intracellular chloride concentration maintains a steady state, which is delicately regulated by various genes coding for chloride transporters and channels (GClTC) on the plasmalemma; however, the synergistic effect of these genes in central nervous system disorders remains unclear. In this study, we first defined 10 gene clusters with similar temporal expression patterns, and identified 41 GClTC related to brain developmental process. Then, we found 4 clusters containing 22 GClTC were enriched for the neuronal functions. The GClTC from different clusters presented distinct cell type preferences and anatomical heterogeneity. We also observed strong correlations between clustered genes and diseases, most of which were nervous system disorders. Finally, we found that one of the most well-known GClTC, SLC12A2, had a more profound effect on glial cell-related diseases than on neuron-related diseases, which was in accordance with our observation that SLC12A2 was mainly expressed in oligodendrocytes during brain development. Our findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the temporal and spatial expression characteristics of GClTC, which can help us understand the complex roles of GClTC in the development of the healthy human brain and the etiology of brain disorders.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with the underlying etiology yet incompletely understood and no cure treatment. Patients of fragile X syndrome (FXS) also ...manifest symptoms, e.g. deficits in social behaviors, that are core traits with ASD. Several studies demonstrated that a mutual defect in retinoic acid (RA) signaling was observed in FXS and ASD. However, it is still unknown whether RA replenishment could pose a positive effect on autistic-like behaviors in FXS. Herein, we found that RA signaling was indeed down-regulated when the expression of
FMR1
was impaired in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, RA supplementation rescued the atypical social novelty behavior, but failed to alleviate the defects in sociability behavior or hyperactivity, in
Fmr1
knock-out (KO) mouse model. The repetitive behavior and motor coordination appeared to be normal. The RNA sequencing results of the prefrontal cortex in
Fmr1
KO mice indicated that deregulated expression of
Foxp2, Tnfsf10, Lepr
and other neuronal genes was restored to normal after RA treatment. Gene ontology terms of metabolic processes, extracellular matrix organization and behavioral pathways were enriched. Our findings provided a potential therapeutic intervention for social novelty defects in FXS.
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) refers to a human syndrome of early puberty initiation with characteristic increase in hypothalamic production and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone ...(GnRH). Previously, loss-of-function mutations in human MKRN3, encoding a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, were found to contribute to about 30% of cases of familial CPP. MKRN3 was thereby suggested to serve as a ‘brake’ of mammalian puberty onset, but the underlying mechanisms remain as yet unknown. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Mkrn3 did accelerate mouse puberty onset with increased production of hypothalamic GnRH1. MKRN3 interacts with and ubiquitinates MBD3, which epigenetically silences GNRH1 through disrupting the MBD3 binding to the GNRH1 promoter and recruitment of DNA demethylase TET2. Our findings have thus delineated a molecular mechanism through which the MKRN3–MBD3 axis controls the epigenetic switch in the onset of mammalian puberty.
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