Summary Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) often manifests as a mass lesion causing obstructive jaundice, clinically mimicking pancreatic carcinoma. A diagnosis of AIP may obviate the need for surgical ...resection, as most patients respond to steroid treatment. However, it is not clear whether these 2 conditions can coexist. In this study, 105 specimens resected for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) that also have changes of chronic pancreatitis were examined for features considered to be characteristic of AIP. Of 105 cases of PDAC with changes of chronic pancreatitis, 10 (9.5%) exhibited histologic features of AIP, including exuberant fibrosis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, obliterative phlebitis, or granulocytic epithelial lesions. Of these 10 cases, 7 had more than 20 immunoglobulin G4+ plasma cells per high-power field. Of these 7 cases, 5 were analyzed for Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene mutation and SMAD4 expression. Three cases showed K-ras mutation and/or loss of SMAD4 expression in benign AIP-like areas. These findings suggest 2 possibilities: first, AIP-like lesions may occur in a small but significant portion of PDAC cases; second, some PDACs may arise in a background of AIP. Therefore, caution is necessary when making a diagnosis of AIP by needle biopsy of a mass lesion, and patients with a tentative AIP diagnosis should be closely followed up clinically.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
A proportion of people living with common variable immunodeficiency disorders develop granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD). We aimed to develop a consensus statement on the ...definition, diagnosis, and management of GLILD. All UK specialist centers were contacted and relevant physicians were invited to take part in a 3-round online Delphi process. Responses were graded as Strongly Agree, Tend to Agree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Tend to Disagree, and Strongly Disagree, scored +1, +0.5, 0, −0.5, and −1, respectively. Agreement was defined as greater than or equal to 80% consensus. Scores are reported as mean ± SD. There was 100% agreement (score, 0.92 ± 0.19) for the following definition: “GLILD is a distinct clinico-radio-pathological ILD occurring in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders, associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate and/or granuloma in the lung, and in whom other conditions have been considered and where possible excluded.” There was consensus that the workup of suspected GLILD requires chest computed tomography (CT) (0.98 ± 0.01), lung function tests (eg, gas transfer, 0.94 ± 0.17), bronchoscopy to exclude infection (0.63 ± 0.50), and lung biopsy (0.58 ± 0.40). There was no consensus on whether expectant management following optimization of immunoglobulin therapy was acceptable: 67% agreed, 25% disagreed, score 0.38 ± 0.59; 90% agreed that when treatment was required, first-line treatment should be with corticosteroids alone (score, 0.55 ± 0.51).
Background An accurate and reliable measurement of shoulder range of motion (ROM) is important in the evaluation of the shoulder. A smartphone digital clinometer application is a potentially simpler ...method for measuring shoulder ROM. The goal of this study was to establish the reliability and validity of shoulder ROM measurements among varying health care providers using a smartphone clinometer application in healthy and symptomatic adults. Methods An attending surgeon, fellow, resident, physician assistant, and student served as examiners. Bilateral shoulders of 24 healthy subjects were included. Fifteen postoperative patients served as the symptomatic cohort. Examiners measured ROM of each shoulder, first using visual estimation and then using a goniometer and smartphone clinometer in a randomized fashion. Results The interobserver reliability among examiners showed significant correlation, with average intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(2,1) values of 0.61 (estimation), 0.69 (goniometer), and 0.80 (smartphone). All 5 examiners had substantial agreement with the gold standard in healthy subjects, with average ICC(2,1) values ranging from 0.62 to 0.79. The interobserver reliability in symptomatic patients showed significant correlation, with average ICC(2,1) values of 0.72 (estimation), 0.79 (goniometer), and 0.89 (smartphone). Examiners had excellent agreement with the gold standard in symptomatic patients, with an average ICC(2,1) value of 0.98. Conclusion The smartphone clinometer has excellent agreement with a goniometer-based gold standard for measurement of shoulder ROM in both healthy and symptomatic subjects. There is good correlation among different skill levels of providers for measurements obtained using the smartphone. A smartphone-based clinometer is a good resource for shoulder ROM measurement in both healthy subjects and symptomatic patients.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Background Incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is increasing in complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) presenting to emergency departments (EDs). ...Treatment is heterogeneous and can require inpatient admission to an observation unit (OU). Vancomycin is commonly used in the OU for treatment, but increasing MRSA resistance to vancomycin suggests the need for alternatives. Daptomycin is an alternative but it is not known how it compares with vancomycin. Objective This study tested the hypothesis that daptomycin is noninferior to vancomycin for the treatment of cSSSI in an OU, using a relative risk (RR) of 1.3 as the noninferiority limit. Methods Subjects admitted to an ED-based OU with a diagnosis of cSSSI were eligible. Consenting subjects were randomized 1:1 to intravenous (i.v.) vancomycin at 15 mg/kg dosing every 12 h or i.v. daptomycin at 4 mg/kg once. Subjects were followed until they met objective criteria for discharge home or hospital admission. Discharged patients were prescribed 10–14 days of oral cephalexin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or clindamycin if allergic to either of these medications. The primary endpoint was meeting objective discharge criteria with no change in antibiotic therapy or return to the ED for the same cellulitis within 30 days of OU discharge. Results There were 100 patients enrolled. RR for satisfying the endpoint was 1.07 (95% confidence interval 0.58–1.98) for daptomycin compared with vancomycin. Hospital admission rates were 36% and 32% for daptomycin and vancomycin treatment, respectively. Conclusion Daptomycin was not inferior to vancomycin in the treatment of cSSSI in an OU.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
The neuromuscular consequences of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are important considerations because these deficits play a crucial role in a patient's recovery following ACL injury or ...reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to review and synthesize the known neuromuscular consequences of ACL injury and reconstruction. Specifically, changes in somatosensation, muscle activation, muscle strength, atrophy, balance, biomechanics, and patient-oriented outcomes are discussed. Understanding neuromuscular consequences aids in the construction of optimized rehabilitation strategies.
Abstract The squat is an assessment of lower extremity alignment during movement, however there is little information regarding altered joint kinetics during poorly performed squats. The purpose of ...this study was to examine changes in joint kinetics and power from altered knee alignment during a squat. Thirty participants completed squats while displacing the knee medially, anteriorly, and with neutral alignment (control). Sagittal and frontal plane torques at the ankle, knee, and hip were altered in the descending and ascending phase of the squat in both the medial and anterior malaligned squat compared to the control squat. Ankle and trunk power increased and hip power decreased in the medial malaligned squat compared to the control squat. Ankle, knee, and trunk power increased and hip power decreased in the anterior malaligned squat compared to the control squat. Changes in joint torques and power during malaligned squats suggest that altered knee alignment increases ankle and trunk involvement to execute the movement. Increased anterior knee excursion during squatting may also lead to persistent altered loading of the ankle and knee. Sports medicine professionals using the squat for quadriceps strengthening must consider knee alignment to reduce ankle and trunk involvement during the movement.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract Objective To determine the reliability of measurement of muscle activation via ultrasound imaging measures of the transverse abdominis (TrA) and lumbar multifidus (LM) in tabletop, seated, ...standing, and walking conditions. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Sixteen healthy participants (age, 20.4 ± 1.8 years; height, 167.7 ± 9.0 cm; mass, 65.1 ± 10.8 kg). Interventions None. Main Outcome Measurements The activation ratio (AR) of TrA and LM and preferential activation ratio of TrA in tabletop, seated, standing, and walking positions were assessed by the same examiner during 2 ultrasound imaging sessions 24-72 hours apart. Statistical analysis included determination of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using analysis of variance for each muscle and position between sessions. Results Excellent reliability was found in TrA AR between sessions for healthy participants in the tabletop position (ICC3,k = 0.903), and acceptable to excellent reliability was found in seated (ICC3,k = 0.613), standing (ICC3,k = 0.553), and walking (ICC3,k = 0.737) positions. LM AR was fair in the tabletop position for these participants (ICC3,k = 0.264). The preferential activation ratio for healthy participants was substantially reliable in tabletop and seated positions (ICC3,k = 0.668, 0.684) and showed fair reliability for walking (ICC3,k = 0.455). Conclusions Ultrasound imaging is a reliable method of measuring muscle thickness across multiple positions in healthy persons. This measure may be used to compare abdominal muscle thickness across populations or after interventions. LM AR was only found to be reliable in the tabletop position.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background Outcomes of arthroscopic superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) repairs have been well reported with generally favorable outcomes. Unfortunately, a percentage of patients remain ...dissatisfied or suffer further injury after SLAP repair and may seek additional treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of biceps tenodesis for failed SLAP repairs. Methods A retrospective review of all patients undergoing biceps tenodesis was completed. Inclusion criteria were previous SLAP repair and subsequent revision biceps tenodesis. Exclusion criteria were additional shoulder procedures including rotator cuff repair, instability procedures, and preoperative frozen shoulder. Objective outcomes were postoperative assessments with Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, Simple Shoulder Test, and Veterans RAND 36-Item Health Survey. Physical examination was conducted to determine postoperative range of motion and strength compared with the nonoperative shoulder. Results A cohort of 24 patients was identified, and of these, 17 patients (71%) completed the study at 2 years' follow-up. The average postoperative Constant score was 84.4; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, 75.5; Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, 73.1%; Simple Shoulder Test score, 9.2; and Veterans RAND 36-Item Health Survey score, 76.1. Postoperative range of motion of the operative shoulder returned to near that of the asymptomatic nonoperative shoulder. Workers’ compensation status led to inferior results. Conclusions Options for patients with a failed prior SLAP repair are limited. As a salvage operation for failed SLAP repair, biceps tenodesis serves the majority of patients well, with favorable outcomes by validated measures and excellent shoulder range of motion and elbow strength at 2 years’ follow-up. Workers’ compensation status may predispose patients to poorer outcomes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
To investigate the effects of nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound on quadriceps spinal reflex excitability in patients with knee joint injury.
Double-blind, randomized controlled laboratory study with ...a pretest posttest design.
University laboratory.
Recreationally active volunteers with a self-reported history of diagnosed intra-articular knee joint injury and documented quadriceps dysfunction (N=30).
A nonthermal ultrasound, or sham, treatment was applied to the anteromedial knee.
Hoffmann reflex measurements were recorded at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 20 minutes post-intervention. The peak Hoffmann reflex amplitude was normalized by the peak motor response (H/M ratio) measured from the vastus medialis using surface electromyography as an estimate of quadriceps motorneuron pool excitability. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for comparisons.
A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for mean (P=.016) and change (P=.044) in H/M ratio. The ultrasound group demonstrated significantly higher mean (P=.015) and change (P=.028) in H/M ratio 20 minutes postintervention than did the sham ultrasound group.
Quadriceps motoneuron pool excitability was facilitated 20 minutes after a nonthermal therapeutic ultrasound treatment, and not a sham treatment. These data provide supporting evidence of the contribution of peripheral receptors in modulation of the arthrogenic response in patients with persistent quadriceps dysfunction. Future research in this area should attempt to identify optimal treatment parameters and translate them to clinical outcomes.
Objective To determine whether individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit altered neuromuscular control as demonstrated by surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes compared with ...healthy controls during single-limb eyes-closed balance, Star Excursion Balance Test, forward lunge, and lateral hop exercises. Design A cross-sectional laboratory study. Setting A research laboratory. Participants Fifteen young adults with CAI and 15 healthy controls. Interventions The subjects performed functional exercises while surface EMG signals were recorded from the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius. Main Outcome Measurements Surface EMG amplitudes (root mean square area) for each muscle, muscles of the shank (distal 3 muscles), muscles of the thigh (proximal 3 muscles), and total muscle activity (all 6 muscles) of the lower extremity were analyzed and compared between the groups. Results Individuals with CAI demonstrated significantly less EMG activity in the muscles of the lower extremity during all 4 functional exercises. Effect sizes for significant differences between groups ranged from −0.75 to −1.08, none of which had 95% confidence intervals that crossed zero, which indicates moderate to large decreases in muscle activity in patients with CAI compared with healthy controls. Conclusions Patients with CAI demonstrated decreased muscle activity of ankle, knee, and hip musculature during common functional rehabilitative tasks. Clinicians may benefit from implementing functional exercises for patients with CAI that target both distal and proximal muscles of the lower extremity.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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