Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death that was discovered in recent years and is usually accompanied by a large amount of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation during the cell death process; the ...occurrence of ferroptosis is iron-dependent. Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase through different pathways, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, ultimately leading to oxidative cell death. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis is closely related to the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, such as tumors, nervous system diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, kidney injury, and blood diseases. How to intervene in the occurrence and development of related diseases by regulating cell ferroptosis has become a hotspot and focus of etiological research and treatment, but the functional changes and specific molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis still need to be further explored. This paper systematically summarizes the latest progress in ferroptosis research, with a focus on providing references for further understanding of its pathogenesis and for proposing new targets for the treatment of related diseases.
Carbon dioxide is commonly regarded as the primary greenhouse gas, but from a synthetic standpoint can be utilized as an alternative and sustainable C1 synthon in organic synthesis rather than a ...waste. This results in the production of organic carbonates, carboxylic acids, and derivatives. Recently, CO2 has emerged as an appealing tool for heterocycle synthesis under mild conditions without using stoichiometric amounts of organometallic reducing reagents. This Minireview summarizes recent advances on methodologies for CO2 incorporation into N‐, O‐, and C‐nucleophiles to provide various heterocycles, including cyclic carbamates, benzoxazine‐2‐one, 4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2‐one, quinazoline‐2,4(1 H,3 H)‐diones, benzimidazolones, α‐alkylidene cyclic carbonate.
CO2 in heterocycles: Direct incorporation of CO2 as the entire “CO2” moiety or “CO” fragments into organic substrates can be successfully performed by carbonylative/carboxylative cyclization of the nitrogen/oxygen/carbon‐nucleophilic species with CO2 or initiated by CH bond activation, resulting in the formation of various heterocycles. These techniques stimulate further interest in upgrading CO2 from a waste into an ideal and sustainable chemical feedstock in organic synthesis.
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Scaling up to a large number of qubits with high-precision control is essential in the demonstrations of quantum computational advantage to exponentially outpace the classical hardware and ...algorithmic improvements. Here, we develop a two-dimensional programmable superconducting quantum processor, Zuchongzhi, which is composed of 66 functional qubits in a tunable coupling architecture. To characterize the performance of the whole system, we perform random quantum circuits sampling for benchmarking, up to a system size of 56 qubits and 20 cycles. The computational cost of the classical simulation of this task is estimated to be 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than the previous work on 53-qubit Sycamore processor Nature 574, 505 (2019). We estimate that the sampling task finished by Zuchongzhi in about 1.2 h will take the most powerful supercomputer at least 8 yr. Our work establishes an unambiguous quantum computational advantage that is infeasible for classical computation in a reasonable amount of time. The high-precision and programmable quantum computing platform opens a new door to explore novel many-body phenomena and implement complex quantum algorithms.
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Performing CO
2
conversion in a cost-effective and environmentally benign manner would be promising and remains challenging due to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness. Herein, we would ...like to summarise significant advances in organic synthesis using CO
2
with high catalytic efficiency and excellent selectivity towards the target product mainly during the last five years (2012-2016). Achieving an efficient and selective CO
2
conversion depends on the development of metal catalysts (especially functional metal complex catalysis) including main-group metal, typical transition metal and lanthanide series metal as well as organocatalysts
e.g.
N-heterocyclic carbenes, N-heterocyclic olefins, task-specific ionic liquids, superbases and frustrated Lewis pairs that are able to effectively activate CO
2
and/or the substrate on the basis of the mechanistic understanding at the molecular level. This review just covers typical catalytic transformation of CO
2
, for instance, carboxylation, amidation, hydrogenation, and representative green processes like solvent-less, halogen-free that use CO
2
as an ideal carbon-neutral source to prepare valuable compounds with improved atom economy and enhanced sustainability of chemical processes through green catalysis. In particular,
in situ
catalytic CO
2
conversion,
i.e.
the combination of carbon capture and subsequent conversion, a recent breakthrough in the CO
2
chemistry field, is also discussed.
The efficient and selective conversion of CO
2
as a sustainable C
1
resource into valuable chemicals and energy-related products through catalysis is reviewed.
Inadequate reference databases in RNA‐seq analysis can hinder data utilization and interpretation. In this study, we have successfully constructed a high‐quality reference transcript dataset, ...ZjRTD1.0, for Zoysia japonica, a widely‐used turfgrass with exceptional tolerance to various abiotic stress, including low temperatures and salinity. This dataset comprises 113,089 transcripts from 57,143 genes. BUSCO analysis demonstrates exceptional completeness (92.4%) in ZjRTD1.0, with reduced proportions of fragmented (3.3%) and missing (4.3%) orthologs compared to prior datasets. ZjRTD1.0 enables more precise analyses, including transcript quantification and alternative splicing assessments using public datasets, which identified a substantial number of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) and differential alternative splicing (DAS) events, leading to several novel findings on Z. japonica's responses to abiotic stresses. First, spliceosome gene expression influenced alternative splicing significantly under abiotic stress, with a greater impact observed during low‐temperature stress. Then, a significant positive correlation was found between the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding protein kinases and the frequency of DAS events, suggesting the role of protein phosphorylation in regulating alternative splicing. Additionally, our results suggest possible involvement of serine/arginine‐rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in generating inclusion/exclusion isoforms under low‐temperature stress. Furthermore, our investigation revealed a significantly enhanced overlap between DEGs and differentially alternatively spliced genes (DASGs) in response to low‐temperature stress, suggesting a unique co‐regulatory mechanism governing transcription and splicing in the context of low‐temperature response. In conclusion, we have proven that ZjRTD1.0 will serve as a reliable and useful resource for future transcriptomic analyses in Z. japonica.
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The reaction of propargylic amines and CO2 can provide high‐value‐added chemical products. However, most of catalysts in such reactions employ noble metals to obtain high yield, and it is important ...to seek eco‐friendly noble‐metal‐free MOFs catalysts. Here, a giant and lantern‐like Zn116 nanocage in zinc‐tetrazole 3D framework Zn22(Trz)8(OH)12(H2O)9⋅8 H2On Trz=(C4N12O)4− (1) was obtained and structurally characterized. It consists of six Zn14O21 clusters and eight Zn4O4 clusters. To our knowledge, this is the highest‐nuclearity nanocages constructed by Zn‐clusters as building blocks to date. Importantly, catalytic investigations reveal that 1 can efficiently catalyze the cycloaddition of propargylic amines with CO2, exclusively affording various 2‐oxazolidinones under mild conditions. It is the first eco‐friendly noble‐metal‐free MOFs catalyst for the cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2. DFT calculations uncover that ZnII ions can efficiently activate both C≡C bonds of propargylic amines and CO2 by coordination interaction. NMR and FTIR spectroscopy further prove that Zn‐clusters play an important role in activating C≡C bonds of propargylic amines. Furthermore, the electronic properties of related reactants, intermediates and products can help to understand the basic reaction mechanism and crucial role of catalyst 1.
A lantern‐like Zn116 cage consisting of six Zn14O21 and eight Zn4O4 clusters represents the highest‐nuclearity nanocage assembled by Zn‐clusters to date. It is the first eco‐friendly noble‐metal‐free metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst for the cyclization of propargylic amines with CO2.
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The ability to efficiently simulate random quantum circuits using a classical computer is increasingly important for developing noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Here, we present a tensor ...network states based algorithm specifically designed to compute amplitudes for random quantum circuits with arbitrary geometry. Singular value decomposition based compression together with a two-sided circuit evolution algorithm are used to further compress the resulting tensor network. To further accelerate the simulation, we also propose a heuristic algorithm to compute the optimal tensor contraction path. We demonstrate that our algorithm is up to 2 orders of magnitudes faster than the Schrödinger-Feynman algorithm for verifying random quantum circuits on the 53-qubit Sycamore processor, with circuit depths below 12. We also simulate larger random quantum circuits with up to 104 qubits, showing that this algorithm is an ideal tool to verify relatively shallow quantum circuits on near-term quantum computers.
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•Microalgae-based technology is a promising alternative for antibiotics removal.•The underlying mechanisms of microalgae-based antibiotics removal are summarized.•Several novel ...approaches and hybrid techniques are recommended to promote antibiotics removal.•This review also outlines future research directions of microalgae-based technology.
Antibiotics contamination is an emerging environmental concern, owing to its potential risks to ecosystems and human health. Microalgae-based technology has been widely reported as a promising alternative to conventional wastewater treatment, since it is a solar-power driven, ecologically friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable reclamation strategy. This review provides fundamental insights into the major mechanisms underpinning microalgae-based antibiotics removal, including bioadsorption, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation. The critical role of extracellular polymeric substances on bioadsorption and extracellular biodegradation of antibiotics are also covered. Moreover, this review sheds light on the important factors affecting the removal of antibiotics by microalgae, and summarizes several novel approaches to improve the removal efficiency, including acclimation, co-metabolism and microbial consortium. Besides, hybrid systems (such as, microalgae-based technologies combined with the conventional activated sludge, advanced oxidation processes, constructed wetlands, and microbial fuel cells), and genetic engineering are also recommended, which will be feasible for enhanced removal of antibiotics. Finally, this review also highlights the need for further studies aimed at optimizing microalgae-based technology, with emphasis on improving performance and expanding its application in large-scale settings, especially in terms of technical, environmental-friendly and economically competitiveness. Overall, this review summarizes current understanding on microalgae-based technologies for removal of antibiotics and outlines future research directions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Over the last two decades, tremendous advances have been made for constructing large-scale quantum computers. In particular, quantum computing platforms based on superconducting qubits have become ...the leading candidate for scalable quantum processor architecture, and the milestone of demonstrating quantum supremacy has been first achieved using 53 superconducting qubits in 2019. In this study, we provide a brief review on the experimental efforts towards the large-scale superconducting quantum computer, including qubit design, quantum control, readout techniques, and the implementations of error correction and quantum algorithms. Besides the state of the art, we finally discuss future perspectives, and which we hope will motivate further research.
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To ensure a long-term quantum computational advantage, the quantum hardware should be upgraded to withstand the competition of continuously improved classical algorithms and ...hardwares. Here, we demonstrate a superconducting quantum computing systems Zuchongzhi 2.1, which has 66 qubits in a two-dimensional array in a tunable coupler architecture. The readout fidelity of Zuchongzhi 2.1 is considerably improved to an average of 97.74%. The more powerful quantum processor enables us to achieve larger-scale random quantum circuit sampling, with a system scale of up to 60 qubits and 24 cycles, and fidelity of FXEB=(3.66±0.345)×10-4. The achieved sampling task is about 6 orders of magnitude more difficult than that of Sycamore Nature 574, 505 (2019) in the classic simulation, and 3 orders of magnitude more difficult than the sampling task on Zuchongzhi 2.0 arXiv:2106.14734 (2021). The time consumption of classically simulating random circuit sampling experiment using state-of-the-art classical algorithm and supercomputer is extended to tens of thousands of years (about 4.8×104 years), while Zuchongzhi 2.1 only takes about 4.2 h, thereby significantly enhancing the quantum computational advantage.
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