Abstract
m
5
C is one of the longest-known RNA modifications, however, its developmental dynamics, functions, and evolution in mRNAs remain largely unknown. Here, we generate quantitative mRNA m
5
C ...maps at different stages of development in 6 vertebrate and invertebrate species and find convergent and unexpected massive methylation of maternal mRNAs mediated by NSUN2 and NSUN6. Using
Drosophila
as a model, we reveal that embryos lacking maternal mRNA m
5
C undergo cell cycle delays and fail to timely initiate maternal-to-zygotic transition, implying the functional importance of maternal mRNA m
5
C. From invertebrates to the lineage leading to humans, two waves of m
5
C regulatory innovations are observed: higher animals gain cis-directed NSUN2-mediated m
5
C sites at the 5' end of the mRNAs, accompanied by the emergence of more structured 5'UTR regions; humans gain thousands of trans-directed NSUN6-mediated m
5
C sites enriched in genes regulating the mitotic cell cycle. Collectively, our studies highlight the existence and regulatory innovations of a mechanism of early embryonic development and provide key resources for elucidating the role of mRNA m
5
C in biology and disease.
A foreground calibration for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) is introduced in this paper. This calibration system is based on the fact that capacitor mismatch ...can result in the discontinuity of output code density. In the calibration mode, a triangular signal with a small swing generated on chip is input and the Calibration Controller utilizes a data comparator and a SAR logic to trim the MSB capacitors based on the result of code density test. A MATLAB behavioral simulation with 30 times Monte Carlo is done when the calibration method is applied in a 10-bit SAR ADC. Simulation results show that the mean values of the signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) and the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) are improved to 63.24 dB and 70.61 dB from 53.61 dB and 59.23 dB, respectively.
Abstract
Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral intermediates specifically activate the IFN response through MDA5-mediated sensing and accordingly induce ADAR1 p150 expression, which might lead to viral ...A-to-I RNA editing. Here, we developed an RNA virus-specific editing identification pipeline, surveyed 7622 RNA-seq data from diverse types of samples infected with SARS-CoV-2, and constructed an atlas of A-to-I RNA editing sites in SARS-CoV-2. We found that A-to-I editing was dynamically regulated, varied between tissue and cell types, and was correlated with the intensity of innate immune response. On average, 91 editing events were deposited at viral dsRNA intermediates per sample. Moreover, editing hotspots were observed, including recoding sites in the spike gene that affect viral infectivity and antigenicity. Finally, we provided evidence that RNA editing accelerated SARS-CoV-2 evolution in humans during the epidemic. Our study highlights the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to hijack components of the host antiviral machinery to edit its genome and fuel its evolution, and also provides a framework and resource for studying viral RNA editing.
m
C is one of the longest-known RNA modifications, however, its developmental dynamics, functions, and evolution in mRNAs remain largely unknown. Here, we generate quantitative mRNA m
C maps at ...different stages of development in 6 vertebrate and invertebrate species and find convergent and unexpected massive methylation of maternal mRNAs mediated by NSUN2 and NSUN6. Using Drosophila as a model, we reveal that embryos lacking maternal mRNA m
C undergo cell cycle delays and fail to timely initiate maternal-to-zygotic transition, implying the functional importance of maternal mRNA m
C. From invertebrates to the lineage leading to humans, two waves of m
C regulatory innovations are observed: higher animals gain cis-directed NSUN2-mediated m
C sites at the 5' end of the mRNAs, accompanied by the emergence of more structured 5'UTR regions; humans gain thousands of trans-directed NSUN6-mediated m
C sites enriched in genes regulating the mitotic cell cycle. Collectively, our studies highlight the existence and regulatory innovations of a mechanism of early embryonic development and provide key resources for elucidating the role of mRNA m
C in biology and disease.
A novel aperture error reduction technique for subrange successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) is presented in this paper. By reusing capacitors of flash ADC during ...fine conversion phase, thermometer coarse capacitors belonging to CDAC can be removed from the circuit. Compared with the conventional subrange SAR ADC without front-end T/H, this technique can minimize aperture error effectively. The reduced number of sample capacitors also lowers the input capacitance. The proposed 11-bit 200Ms/s subrange SAR ADC, which consists of a 3.5-bit flash ADC for coarse conversion and an 8-bit SAR ADC for fine conversion is designed in a 65nm process with 1.2V power supply. Simulation results show that this design achieves 67.32dB SNDR and consumes 2.676mW.
Finding information hidden in data is as theoretically difficult as it is practically important. With the objective of discovering unknown patterns from data, the methodologies of data mining were ...derived from statistics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, and are being used successfully in application areas such as bioinformatics, banking, retail, and many others. Wang and Fu present in detail the state of the art on how to utilize fuzzy neural networks, multilayer perceptron neural networks, radial basis function neural networks, genetic algorithms, and support vector machines in such applications. They focus on three main data mining tasks: data dimensionality reduction, classification, and rule extraction. The book is targeted at researchers in both academia and industry, while graduate students and developers of data mining systems will also profit from the detailed algorithmic descriptions.
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FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
At present, due to use of nearest neighbor query algorithm based on memory, the traditional user-based collaborative filtering (CF) recommendation system has the shortages of poor expandability and ...lack of stability. On the aspect of expandability, the item-based CF algorithm was proposed but it still has not addressed the declined recommendation quality (poor stability) caused by sparse data. Being inspired by the concept of influence set, this paper proposes a new recommendation algorithm of CF-ISEGB (collaborative filtering based on the influence sets of e-learning group’s behavior). The influence sets of current e-learning group are used to improve the evaluation density of this resource, and the computation, prediction and rating methods are also defined for this new recommendation mechanism. The experimental result shows that compared to the traditional item-based CF algorithm which generates recommendation only based on the nearest neighbor, it can effectively alleviate the problem caused by sparse datasets and significantly improve the recommendation quality of recommendation system.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Casein micelles (CM) can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds due to their amphiphilic nature. However, the microstructure of CM is sensitive to environmental changes ...which further influence their encapsulation capacity. Therefore, it is essential to understand their structural changes and their relationship to the encapsulation capacity. This review summarizes the influence of different environmental modification methods on the structure and encapsulation capacity of CM. The encapsulation capacity of CM is improved by increasing the accessibility of targeted compounds (pH cycles, β-casein removal, and enzymatic treatment) or by increasing their binding with the protein matrix (ultrasonication, heating, and homogenization). The combination of the above strategies can be beneficial. A further comprehensive investigation of the binding mechanisms between CM and carried substances and their digestion behavior is essential. This review can provide innovative insights into producing functional ingredients through better utilization of the unique structural properties of CM.
•Casein micelles (CM) is a natural and biodegradable carrier of bioactive compounds.•Encapsulation capacity of CM can be enhanced by manipulating its structure.•Binding between bioactive compounds and CM is influenced by environmental changes.•Digestion of compounds can be controlled by changing structure of CM.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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