Interest in reductions with main group hydrides has been reinvigorated with the discovery of frustrated Lewis pairs. Computational analysis showed that the borohydride of the commonly used Lewis acid ...B(C6F5)3 was determined to be 15 kcal/mol less reducing than borohydride (BH4−), 22 kcal/mol less reducing than aluminum hydride (AlH4−), and 41 kcal/mol less reducing than superhydride (HBEt3−). In addition to HB(C6F5)3−, a hydride donor ability scale with an estimated error of ∼3 kcal/mol includes 132 main group hydrides with gradually changing reducing capabilities spanning 160 kcal/mol. The scale includes representatives from organosilanes, organogermanes, organostannanes, borohydrides, boranes, aluminum hydrides, NADH analogues, and CH hydride donors. The large variety of reducing agents and the wide span of the scale (ranging from 0.5 to 160 kcal/mol in acetonitrile) make the scale a useful tool for the future design of metal-based or main group reducing agents.
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En novembre 2009, le comité directeur de transfusion sanguine du Conseil de l’Europe a créé un groupe d’experts chargé d’explorer la problématique des comportements ayant un impact sur la gestion des ...donneurs de sang et de composants sanguins et la sécurité transfusionnelle en Europe. Ce groupe ad hoc a recherché une interprétation harmonisée de l’exclusion temporaire (ou ajournement temporaire), par opposition à l’exclusion définitive (ou ajournement définitif), dans le contexte de la sélection des donneurs de sang et composants sanguins. Il a aussi reçu le mandat d’évaluer sur la base des données disponibles la possibilité de différencier les comportements « à risque » des comportements « à haut risque » de contamination par des maladies infectieuses graves transmissibles par le sang, les composants sanguins ou les produits thérapeutiques dérivés. L’objectif premier de ces travaux était de veiller à l’innocuité du sang, des composants sanguins et des produits thérapeutiques dérivés pour les futurs receveurs en faisant, dans un contexte où il était projeté par certains pays de modifier les dispositions de sélection des donneurs, la promotion d’une approche de type analyse de risque. Cependant, une analyse de risque ne peut être réalisée que sur des groupes, non sur des individus, ce qui peut donner l’impression d’une approche discriminatoire, qu’il était nécessaire de justifier dans le contexte de la sécurité transfusionnelle. Un projet collaboratif, qui comportait une phase d’enquête, a conduit à la rédaction d’un mémorandum technique faisant la synthèse des données recueillies dans dix États membres du Conseil de l’Europe sur les critères de sélection des donneurs de sang et l’épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses (plus particulièrement le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine) dans la population générale et chez les donneurs de sang. Le mémorandum technique a été publié en 2011 sur le site de la Direction européenne de la qualité du médicament et des soins de santé dédié à ce projet. Un projet de résolution du Comité des ministres du Conseil de l’Europe a ensuite été élaboré par le comité directeur de transfusion sanguine du Conseil de l’Europe. Ce texte a été diffusé pour examen et avis auprès des États membres et des États observateurs du Conseil de l’Europe.
In November 2009, the Council of Europe's Blood Transfusion Steering Committee created a group of experts to explore the problem of behaviors having an impact on the management of donors of blood and blood components and on blood transfusion safety in Europe. This ad hoc group sought a harmonised interpretation of temporary exclusion (or temporary deferral), as opposed to permanent exclusion (or permanent deferral), in the context of the selection of donors of blood and blood components. It was also given the mandate to assess, on the basis of available data, the possibility of differentiating “at risk” behaviours from behaviours “at high risk” of contamination by serious infectious diseases transmitted by blood, blood components or derived therapeutic products. The primary objective of this work was to ensure the safety of blood, blood components and derived therapeutic products for future recipients by promoting a risk analysis-based approach, given that some countries envisaged amending their provisions for donor selection. However, a risk analysis can only be performed on groups, not individuals, which may give the impression of a discriminatory approach, so it needed to be justified in the context of transfusion safety. A collaborative project, which included an investigation phase, led to the drafting of a technical memorandum that summarised the data collected in ten Council of Europe member states on the selection criteria for blood donors and the epidemiology of infectious diseases (with a focus on human immunodeficiency virus) in the general population and among blood donors. The technical memorandum was published in 2011 on the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Healthcare website dedicated to this project. A draft resolution of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe was then developed by the Council of Europe's Blood Transfusion Steering Committee. This text was circulated among member and observer states of the Council of Europe for review and comments.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Weekly monitoring of European all-cause excess mortality, the EuroMOMO network, observed high excess mortality during the influenza B/Yamagata dominated 2017/18 winter season, especially among ...elderly. We describe all-cause excess and influenza-attributable mortality during the season 2017/18 in Europe.
Based on weekly reporting of mortality from 24 European countries or sub-national regions, representing 60% of the European population excluding the Russian and Turkish parts of Europe, we estimated age stratified all-cause excess morality using the EuroMOMO model. In addition, age stratified all-cause influenza-attributable mortality was estimated using the FluMOMO algorithm, incorporating influenza activity based on clinical and virological surveillance data, and adjusting for extreme temperatures.
Excess mortality was mainly attributable to influenza activity from December 2017 to April 2018, but also due to exceptionally low temperatures in February-March 2018. The pattern and extent of mortality excess was similar to the previous A(H3N2) dominated seasons, 2014/15 and 2016/17. The 2017/18 overall all-cause influenza-attributable mortality was estimated to be 25.4 (95%CI 25.0-25.8) per 100,000 population; 118.2 (116.4-119.9) for persons aged 65. Extending to the European population this translates into over-all 152,000 deaths.
The high mortality among elderly was unexpected in an influenza B dominated season, which commonly are considered to cause mild illness, mainly among children. Even though A(H3N2) also circulated in the 2017/18 season and may have contributed to the excess mortality among the elderly, the common perception of influenza B only having a modest impact on excess mortality in the older population may need to be reconsidered.
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Catalysts for the oxidation of NH3 are critical for the utilization of NH3 as a large‐scale energy carrier. Molecular catalysts capable of oxidizing NH3 to N2 are rare. This report describes the use ...of Cp*Ru(PtBu2NPh2)(15NH3)BArF4, (PtBu2NPh2=1,5‐di(phenylaza)‐3,7‐di(tert‐butylphospha)cyclooctane; ArF=3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3), to catalytically oxidize NH3 to dinitrogen under ambient conditions. The cleavage of six N−H bonds and the formation of an N≡N bond was achieved by coupling H+ and e− transfers as net hydrogen atom ion (HAA) steps using the 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenoxyl radical (tBu3ArO.) as the H atom acceptor. Employing an excess of tBu3ArO. under 1 atm of NH3 gas at 23 °C resulted in up to ten turnovers. Nitrogen isotopic (15N) labeling studies provide initial mechanistic information suggesting a monometallic pathway during the N⋅⋅⋅N bond‐forming step in the catalytic cycle.
Totally radical: A molecular Ru complex catalytically oxidizes NH3 to dinitrogen under ambient conditions. The cleavage of six N−H bonds and the formation of an N≡N bond was achieved by coupling H+ and e− transfers as net hydrogen atom ion (HAA) steps using the 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenoxyl radical (tBu3ArO.) as the H atom acceptor, resulting in up to 10 turnovers.
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Hydrogenation of the N-bound phenyl rings of amines, imines, and aziridine is achieved in the presence of H2 and B(C6F5)3, affording the corresponding N-cyclohexylammonium hydridoborate salts.
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Video gaming is an extremely popular leisure-time activity with more than two billion users worldwide (Newzoo, 2017). However, the media as well as professionals have underscored the potential ...dangers of excessive video gaming. With the present research, we aimed to shed light on the relation between video gaming and gamers' psychological functioning. Questionnaires on personality and psychological health as well as video gaming habits were administered to 2,734 individuals (2,377 male, 357 female,
= 23.06,
= 5.91). Results revealed a medium-sized negative correlation between problematic video gaming and psychological functioning with regard to psychological symptoms, affectivity, coping, and self-esteem. Moreover, gamers' reasons for playing and their preferred game genres were differentially related to psychological functioning with the most notable findings for distraction-motivated players as well as action game players. Future studies are needed to examine whether these psychological health risks reflect the causes or consequences of video gaming.
Gambling may range from being a recreational leisure activity to a behavioral addiction. A rising number of gamblers experience adverse consequences from gambling, termed problem gambling, which may ...become a challenge for the individual and society. With the present research, we aimed to investigate the correlates of problem gambling. We used a large sample of more than 12,500 individuals (46% male, M.sub.age = 48, SD.sub.age = 18) from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey and analyzed sociodemographic and personality variables (Big Five, locus of control) as well as the extent of problem gambling. Findings showed that male sex and a lower level of education were related to problem gambling, but personality traits were predictive of problem gambling over and above sociodemographic variables. Specifically, a low level of emotional stability, an external locus of control, and, to a lesser extent, a low level of conscientiousness and a high level of extraversion were predictive of problem gambling, whereas openness and agreeableness were not. These results remained constant across various robustness analyses. Our findings reveal the importance of including personality traits when explaining gambling behavior.
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Reductions of chiral ketimines effected under H(2) by catalytic amounts of B(C(6)F(5))(3) result in moderate to excellent diastereoselectivities. In the case of camphor and menthone derived imines, ...the reductions proceeded with greater than 95% diastereoselectivity.
We investigate how susceptible human drivers are to auditory signals in three situations: when stationary, when driving, or when being driven by an autonomous vehicle. Previous research has shown ...that human susceptibility is reduced when driving compared to when being stationary. However, it is not known how susceptible humans are under autonomous driving conditions. At the same time, good susceptibility is crucial under autonomous driving conditions, as such systems might use auditory signals to communicate a transition of control from the automated vehicle to the human driver. We measured susceptibility using a three-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm while participants experienced three driving conditions: stationary, autonomous, or driving. We studied susceptibility through the frontal P3 (fP3) Electroencephalography Event-Related Potential response (EEG ERP response). Results show that the fP3 component is reduced in autonomous compared to stationary conditions, but not as strongly as when participants drove themselves. In addition, the fP3 component is further reduced when the oddball task does not require a response (i.e., in a passive condition, versus active). The implication is that, even in a relatively simple autonomous driving scenario, people's susceptibility of auditory signals is not as high as would be beneficial for responding to auditory stimuli.
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We report ammonia oxidation by homolytic cleavage of all three H atoms from a MoNH3+ complex using the 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl radical to yield a Mo-alkylimido (MoNR+) complex (R = ...2,4,6-tri-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one). Chemical reduction of MoNR+ generates a terminal MoN nitride complex upon NC bond cleavage, and a MoNH+ complex is formed by protonation of the nitride. Computational analysis describes the energetic profile for the stepwise removal of three H atoms from MoNH3+ and formation of MoNR+.
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