Who’s a Fascist? Herrera, Yoshiko M.
Nationalities papers,
11/2022, Volume:
50, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We are living in a time of increasing authoritarianism around the world, with populism and illiberalism growing not only in states that traditionally have not been very democratic but also in ...established democracies. These troubling trends have led to alarms being sounded and much labeling of threats, including the use of the term fascist for some countries, as well as parties, movements, and individuals, within both democratic and nondemocratic countries. But who is actually a fascist? What does the term mean? And more specifically, is Russia fascist?
Mistrust is a common cause of conflict between individuals belonging to different identity groups. When can such mistrust be overcome? We present a theoretical model of trust-building across social ...identity groups to address this question. Trust between groups increases when individuals in one group are willing to take a chance on engaging with members of the other group, their engagement is positively reciprocated, and they are able to credibly communicate the experience to their fellow group members, thereby increasing their belief that members of the other group are trustworthy. This process is made easier if the individuals are not too hostile to the out-group, are flexible enough to change their beliefs in response to new information, and are sufficiently attached to their own group to be honest about their experiences with out-group members.
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This book examines the economic bases of regional sovereignty movements in the Russian Federation from 1990–1993. The analysis is based on an original data set of Russian regional sovereignty ...movements and the author employs a variety of methods including quantitative statistical analysis, as well as qualitative case studies of Sverdlovsk and Samara oblasts using systematic content analysis of local newspaper articles. The central finding of the book is that variation in Russian regional activism is explained not by differences in economic conditions but by differences in the construction or imagination of economic interests; to put it in the language of other contemporary debates, economic advantage and disadvantage are as imagined as nations. In arguing that regional economic interests are inter-subjective, contingent, and institutionally specific, the book addresses a major question in political economy, namely the origin of economic interests. In addition, by engaging the nationalism literature, the book expands the constructivist paradigm to the development of economic interests.
As international institutions multiply and more governments sign on to standardized ways of organizing economies and societies, resistance to globalization persists. InMirrors of the Economy, Yoshiko ...M. Herrera explores the variance in implementation of international institutions through an examination of the international System of National Accounts (SNA), and, in particular, the success of post-Soviet Russia and other formerly communist countries in implementing the SNA. The SNA is the basis for all national economic indicators, including Gross Domestic Product, and is therefore a critical institution for economic policy and development.
Herrera tests existing theories of implementation of international institutions and proposes a novel theoretical concept, "conditional norms," to suggest that the conditions attached to norms may result in institutional change. On the basis of content analysis of statistical publications and more than seventy-five interviews throughout Russia-particularly in Moscow-and in Washington she forms a clear picture of the implementation of SNA in Russia in the early 1990s. In Soviet times a stable conditional norm delineated the appropriateness of statistical institutions based on the structure of the economy. The transformation of the economic system triggered a shift in support among Russian and Eastern European statisticians in favor of the SNA. Herrera's argument increases our understanding of the role of norms, structural conditions, and professional communities in institutional implementation.
Identity as a Variable Abdelal, Rawi; Herrera, Yoshiko M.; Johnston, Alastair Iain ...
Perspectives on politics,
12/2006, Volume:
4, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
As scholarly interest in the concept of identity continues to grow,
social identities are proving to be crucially important for understanding
contemporary life. Despite—or perhaps because of—the ...sprawl of
different treatments of identity in the social sciences, the concept has
remained too analytically loose to be as useful a tool as the
literature's early promise had suggested. We propose to solve this
longstanding problem by developing the analytical rigor and methodological
imagination that will make identity a more useful variable for the social
sciences. This article offers more precision by defining collective
identity as a social category that varies along two
dimensions—content and contestation. Content describes the meaning
of a collective identity. The content of social identities may take the
form of four non-mutually-exclusive types: constitutive norms; social
purposes; relational comparisons with other social categories; and
cognitive models. Contestation refers to the degree of agreement within a
group over the content of the shared category. Our conceptualization thus
enables collective identities to be compared according to the agreement
and disagreement about their meanings by the members of the group. The
final section of the article looks at the methodology of identity
scholarship. Addressing the wide array of methodological options on
identity—including discourse analysis, surveys, and content
analysis, as well as promising newer methods like experiments, agent-based
modeling, and cognitive mapping—we hope to provide the kind of brush
clearing that will enable the field to move forward methodologically as
well.Rawi Abdelal is Associate Professor,
Harvard Business School (rabdelal@hbs.edu). Yoshiko M. Herrera is
Associate Professor, Government Department, Harvard University
(herrera@fas.harvard.edu). Alastair Iain Johnston is Professor, Government
Department, Harvard University (johnston@fas.harvard.edu). Rose McDermott
is Associate Professor, Political Science Department, University of
California at Santa Barbara (rmcdermott@polsci.ucsb.edu). Research for the
paper was made possible by the generous support of the Weatherhead
Initiative of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard
University. We are grateful to those who commented on earlier versions of
this paper: Peter Burke, Lars-Erik Cederman, Jeff Checkel,Michael Dawson, James Fearon, David Frank, Erin
Jenne, Michael Jones-Correa, Cynthia Kaplan, Peter Katzenstein, Herb
Kelman, Paul Kowert, David Laitin, Daniel Posner, Paul Sniderman, Werner
Sollors, Jeff Strabone, Philip Stone, Ronald Suny, Charles Tilly, Mary
Waters, and three anonymous reviewers. We would also like to thank
participants of the 2004 Identity as a Variable conference,
including Henry Brady, Kanchan Chandra, Jack Citrin, Neta Crawford,
Jennifer Hochschild, Jacques Hymans, Ted Hopf, Cynthia Kaplan, Ulrich
Krotz, Taeku Lee, Will Lowe, Jason Lyall, Kimberly Neuendorf, Roger
Petersen, Kevin Quinn, David Rousseau, Rogers Smith, Donald Sylvan, Kim
Williams, and Michael Young, for comments on this version.
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Content analysis is the process of turning text into data, with either automated or manual techniques, and it provides a feasible and attractive option for undergraduate students to develop and ...utilize original data. This article presents a cohesive framework for teaching computerized content analysis in undergraduate political science courses. The article discusses examples of how we have taught the techniques in our own classrooms and provides a framework for a content-analysis research assignment. We describe coding, sources of text data available to students, software recommendations appropriate for students, and write-up issues. In the process, we also discuss various learning opportunities that arise from both the strengths and weaknesses of computerized content analysis as a methodological strategy.
Objectives. With the proliferation of new data sets and measures of identity-based diversity, especially regarding ethnicity, it is essential that scholars who use these data sets on “ethnicity” ...understand their theoretical underpinnings, as well as their points of convergence and divergence. Methods. We conduct a review of existing cross-national measures of ethnic diversity. Results. Different data sets involve inclusion boundaries for groups that vary drastically, and operationalize the relationship between the enumerated groups and outcomes of interest in ways that have often unacknowledged theoretical implications. Conclusions. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of different data sets, and build on this description to point toward future directions in assessing the relationship between diversity and social phenomena, specifically focusing on the mechanisms that link groups to these outcomes. We also provide appendices listing the data sets discussed in the article, enabling scholars to conveniently access them.
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In this article we consider the trajectory of xenophobia in Russia since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Using survey data from 1996, 2004, and 2012, we examine Russians' negative attitudes ...toward seven outgroups over time. We also statistically analyze the degree to which correlates
of xenophobia have changed between 1996 and 2012. We find that Muscovites have become more xenophobic toward many groups over time relative to residents of other regions. This change is particularly striking in comparison to 1996, when Muscovites were generally less xenophobic than residents
of other regions. Finally, we find that a strong lack of confidence in Russian President Putin is associated with higher levels of xenophobia across time, complicating the perceived link between the Russian government and xenophobic sentiment.
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