Abstract An interesting reading tends to be a summary of the dominant characteristics of each generation, which can be found in scientific and vocational publications as well as in media with ...popularization texts. Very often, we also identify among them our own characteristics and qualities, or those of our peers, children, and possibly other descendants. It is natural that the development of science and technology has a significant role in shaping the personality profile of the members of each generation during the historical development of society (for example, from the “lost” generation to the “alpha” generation). This factor influences the content, methodological and didactic aspects of the teaching process, i.e. what and how to teach. The authors of the paper have worked on several aspects of the preparation of teaching materials and their use in school physics, often with overlap with other science subjects. One of these aspects is, for example, the need to influence the emotional side of the student in learning processes, which is an important prerequisite for more permanent “inscriptions” of information in the student’s memory. For this process to work, knowledge of the dominant characteristics of the target group of students and the environment in which they grow up is essential.
Plant mitochondria are particularly prone to the production of both defective and cryptic transcripts as a result of the complex organisation and mode of expression of their genome. Cryptic ...transcripts are generated from intergenic regions due to a relaxed control of transcription. Certain intergenic regions are transcribed at higher rates than genuine genes and therefore, cryptic transcripts are abundantly produced in plant mitochondria. In addition, primary transcripts from genuine genes must go through complex post-transcriptional processes such as C to U editing and
cis or
trans splicing of group II introns. These post-transcriptional processes are rather inefficient and as a result, defective transcripts are constantly produced in plant mitochondria. In this review, we will describe the nature of cryptic and defective transcripts as well as their fate in plant mitochondria. Although RNA surveillance is crucial to establishing the final transcriptome by degrading cryptic transcripts, plant mitochondria are able to tolerate a surprising high level of defective transcripts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential enzyme that provides dNTPs for DNA replication and repair. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) encodes three AtRNR2-like catalytic subunit genes (AtTSO2, ...AtRNR2A, and AtRNR2B). However, it is currently unclear what role, if any, each gene contributes to the DNA damage response, and in particular how each gene is transcriptionally regulated in response to replication blocks and DNA damage. To address this, we investigated transcriptional changes of 17-d-old Arabidopsis plants (which are enriched in S-phase cells over younger seedlings) in response to the replication-blocking agent hydroxyurea (HU) and to the DNA double-strand break inducer bleomycin (BLM). Here we show that AtRNR2A and AtRNR2B are specifically induced by HU but not by BLM. Early AtRNR2A induction is decreased in an atr mutant, and this induction is likely required for the replicative stress checkpoint since rnr2a mutants are hypersensitive to HU, whereas AtRNR2B induction is abolished in the rad9-rad17 double mutant. In contrast, AtTSO2 transcription is only activated in response to double-strand breaks (BLM), and this activation is dependent upon AtE2Fa. Both TSO2 and E2Fa are likely required for the DNA damage response since tso2 and e2fa mutants are hypersensitive to BLM. Interestingly, TSO2 gene expression is increased in atr versus wild type, possibly due to higher ATM expression in atr. On the other hand, a transient ATR-dependent H4 up-regulation was observed in wild type in response to HU and BLM, perhaps linked to a transient S-phase arrest. Our results therefore suggest that individual RNR2-like catalytic subunit genes participate in unique aspects of the cellular response to DNA damage in Arabidopsis.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The accuracy of the duplex ultrasound guided selection (DGS) of distal target vessel (TV) wa assessed in 34 patients after infrageniculate bypass. Thirty eight consecutive DGS of TV using ...intraoperative findings were analyzed retrospectively. Of the 4 errors, two popliteal segments were stenosed more than predicted and one tibioperoneal trunk was occluded. The fourth error was a dorsal pedal artery. Thus, DGS can be used successfully to select TV for IGB.
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders caused by the misfolding and self-templating of the protein α-synuclein, or the formation of α-synuclein prions. Each disorder differs by ...age of onset, presenting clinical symptoms, α-synuclein inclusion morphology, and neuropathological distribution. Explaining this disease-specific variability, the strain hypothesis postulates that each prion disease is encoded by a distinct conformation of the misfolded protein, and therefore, each synucleinopathy is caused by a unique α-synuclein structure. This review discusses the current data supporting the role of α-synuclein strains in disease heterogeneity. Several in vitro and in vivo models exist for evaluating strain behavior, however, as the focus of this article is to compare strains across synucleinopathy patients, our discussion predominantly focuses on the two models most commonly used for this purpose: the α-syn140*A53T–YFP cell line and the TgM83
+/−
mouse model. Here we define each strain based on biochemical stability, ability to propagate in α-syn140–YFP cell lines, and incubation period, inclusion morphology and distribution, and neurological signs in TgM83
+/−
mice.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Synucleinopathies are a group of clinically and neuropathologically distinct protein misfolding diseases caused by unique α-synuclein conformations, or strains. While multiple atomic resolution ...cryo-electron microscopy structures of α-synuclein fibrils are now deposited in Protein Data Bank, significant gaps in the biological consequences arising from each conformation have yet to be unraveled. Mutations in the α-synuclein gene (
SNCA
), cofactors, and the solvation environment contribute to the formation and maintenance of each disease-causing strain. This review highlights the impact of each of these factors on α-synuclein misfolding and discusses the implications of the resulting structural variability on therapeutic development.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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