Abstract
Bioinfiltration systems are an increasingly prevalent mechanism for urban stormwater mitigation. One major challenge for the sustainability of bioinfiltration systems is erosion and ...channelization due to high bed shear stresses developed during large storm events. Sedimentation within these systems could also impact their performance as fine sediment may clog pathways necessary for infiltration. Understanding the geomorphology, shear stress, and sediment flux in the system can help predict maintenance needs associated with erosion and deposition. The current study introduces a framework for addressing this problem by combining a sediment transport model, FaSTMECH, with the Green-Ampt infiltration model. A comparison of observed and predicted ponding depths shows very good agreement (median Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient = 0.93) and demonstrates the ability of this novel framework in predicting the hydraulics and morphology within a bioswale bioinfiltration system. The framework introduced in this study opens the door to understanding sediment transport dynamics within a bioswale, which has the potential to advance planning and design to minimize impacts due to excessive erosion or deposition within bioswale bioinfiltration systems.
Violence among youth is a pervasive public health problem. In order to make progress in reducing the burden of injury and mortality that result from youth violence, it is imperative to identify ...evidence-based programs and strategies that have a significant impact on violence. There have been many rigorous evaluations of youth violence prevention programs. However, the literature is large, and it is difficult to draw conclusions about what works across evaluations from different disciplines, contexts, and types of programs. The current study reviews the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published prior to 2009 that synthesize evaluations of youth violence prevention programs. This meta-review reports the findings from 37 meta-analyses and 15 systematic reviews; the included reviews were coded on measures of the social ecology, prevention approach, program type, and study design. A majority of the meta-analyses and systematic reviews were found to demonstrate moderate program effects. Meta-analyses yielded marginally smaller effect sizes compared to systematic reviews, and those that included programs targeting family factors showed marginally larger effects than those that did not. In addition, there are a wide range of individual/family, program, and study moderators of program effect sizes. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
► We review 25years of data of youth violence prevention and intervention programs. ► Meta-analyses and systematic reviews find moderate program effects on youth violence. ► Meta-analyses reported smaller program effect sizes than systematic reviews. ► Family-based programs showed larger effect sizes than non-family-based programs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Background In acute intracerebral hemorrhage, both elevated blood pressure (BP) and antithrombotic treatment are associated with poor outcome. Our aim was to explore interactions between ...antithrombotic treatment and prehospital BP. Methods and Results This observational, retrospective study included adult patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage diagnosed by computed tomography within 24 hours, admitted to a primary stroke center during 2012 to 2019. The first recorded prehospital/ambulance systolic and diastolic BP were analyzed per 5 mm Hg increment. Clinical outcomes were in-hospital mortality, shift on the modified Rankin Scale at discharge, and mortality at 90 days. Radiological outcomes were initial hematoma volume and hematoma expansion. Antithrombotic (antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant) treatment was analyzed both together and separately. Modification of associations between prehospital BP and outcomes by antithrombotic treatment was explored by multivariable regression with interaction terms. The study included 200 women and 220 men, median age 76 (interquartile range, 68-85) years. Antithrombotic drugs were used by 252 of 420 (60%) patients. Compared with patients without, patients with antithrombotic treatment had significantly stronger associations between high prehospital systolic BP and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio OR, 1.14 versus 0.99,
for interaction 0.021), shift on the modified Rankin Scale (common OR, 1.08 versus 0.96,
for interaction 0.001), and hematoma volume (coef. 0.03 versus -0.03,
for interaction 0.011). Conclusions In patients with acute, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, antithrombotic treatment modifies effects of prehospital BP. Compared with patients without, patients with antithrombotic treatment have poorer outcomes with higher prehospital BP. These findings may have implications for future studies on early BP lowering in intracerebral hemorrhage.
Children's perception of interparental conflict is still a relatively unexplored research area. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we wanted to gain more knowledge about the relationship ...between child and parent reports of children's reactions to interparental conflict across three dimensions: Emotional Reactions, Involvement Reactions, and Avoidance Reactions. Second, we sought to clarify whether disagreement between child and parent reports was related to the interparental conflict severity. The sample consisted of 377 dyads/triads of mothers, fathers, and 11-year-old children (53.2% girls) recruited from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Paired sample t-tests and correlation analyses were used to investigate the absolute and relative agreement between child and both parents' perceptions. Polynomial regression analyses with response surface plots were used to investigate whether absolute agreement between child and mother and father reports, respectively, was related to the interparental conflict severity. Overall, children reported significantly higher levels of Emotional, Involvement, and Avoidance Reactions than did both parents, and the correlations between the reports were low to moderate. The absolute agreement between child and parent reports was related to the severity of interparental conflict for Emotional and Avoidance Reactions in the sense that larger discrepancy was related to less interparental conflict severity. The findings indicate that parents do not fully grasp children's reactions related to interparental conflict. However, contrary to our hypothesis, when interparental conflict was more severe, parents' responses were more similar to children's responses. The importance of acknowledging children's self-reported reactions is discussed along with clinical implications.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
A method for differentiating marine oil slicks from radar-dark, low-wind areas in open water using rapid-repeat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is reported. The study uses data acquired by the ...airborne NASA unmanned aerial vehicle SAR (UAVSAR) L -band SAR instrument, imaging the Coal Oil Point seep field near Santa Barbara, California. Time series of images from three different days are analyzed, all containing both verified oil slicks and low-wind zones. We propose a method to derive high-confidence oil/open water maps by exploiting the differences in spatial and temporal evolution between the low-wind zones and oil slicks over time scales of ∼1-3.5 h. Our method uses the standard deviation of the backscatter intensity for ensembles of colocated SAR pixels and is sufficiently simple and generic to be applied to near-real-time and without special processing code. The derived maps are compared with images of the ocean surface obtained by cameras mounted on a boat surveying the seep field simultaneously with the SAR. The imagery is manually classified into confirmed oil, likely oil, and open water classes. Our results show ∼1-7 dB difference between the SAR-derived mean standard deviation values of the confirmed/likely oil classes compared with the open water class. The minimum number of scenes needed to distinguish between areas of high likelihood of open water and oil slick was determined to be 3-5 scenes, spanning 50-80 min, depending on the spatial extent and persistence of the low-wind zones in the imagery.
Habitat loss, overexploitation, and numerous other stressors have caused global declines in apex predators. This "trophic downgrading" has generated widespread concern because of the fundamental role ...that apex predators can play in ecosystem functioning, disease regulation, and biodiversity maintenance. In attempts to combat declines, managers have conducted reintroductions, imposed stricter harvest regulations, and implemented protected areas. We suggest that full recovery of viable apex predator populations is currently the exception rather than the rule. We argue that, in addition to well-known considerations, such as continued exploitation and slow life histories, there are several underappreciated factors that complicate predator recoveries. These factors include three challenges. First, a priori identification of the suite of trophic interactions, such as resource limitation and competition that will influence recovery can be difficult. Second, defining and accomplishing predator recovery in the context of a dynamic ecosystem requires an appreciation of the timing of recovery, which can determine the relative density of apex predators and other predators and therefore affect competitive outcomes. Third, successful recovery programs require designing adaptive sequences of management strategies that embrace key environmental and species interactions as they emerge. Consideration of recent research on food web modules, alternative stable states, and community assembly offer important insights for predator recovery efforts and restoration ecology more generally. Foremost among these is the importance of a social-ecological perspective in facilitating a long-lasting predator restoration while avoiding unintended consequences.
Women and mothers experience challenges and stressors within the workforce (Williams, 2001) and balance multiple roles and responsibilities within both identities as an employee and mother (Buzzanell ...et al., 2005; Spitzmueller & Matthews, 2016). Play therapists are unique in that their work centers on working with children, which can create unique role dichotomies and diffusions, and yet research rarely explores the interacting roles of mother and play therapist. Through qualitative analysis, this project explores four play therapists who are mothers and the challenges, benefits, and experiences they encounter in both roles. Implications for play therapy and play therapy training included.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
The efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) has been shown in several randomized controlled trials. However, few trials have been conducted in community clinics, few have ...used therapy as usual (TAU) as a comparison group, and none have been conducted outside of the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TF-CBT in regular community settings compared with TAU. One hundred fifty-six traumatized youth (M age = 15.1 years, range = 10-18; 79.5% girls) were randomly assigned to TF-CBT or TAU. Intent-to-treat analysis using mixed effects models showed that youth receiving TF-CBT reported significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (est. = 5.78, d = 0.51), 95% CI 2.32, 9.23; depression (est. = 7.00, d = 0.54), 95% CI 2.04, 11.96; and general mental health symptoms (est. = 2.54, d = 0.45), 95% CI 0.50, 4.58, compared with youth in the TAU group. Youth assigned to TF-CBT showed significantly greater improvements in functional impairment (est. = −1.05, d = −0.55), 95% CI −1.67, −0.42. Although the same trend was found for anxiety reduction, this difference was not statistically significant (est. = 4.34, d = 0.30), 95% CI −1.50, 10.19. Significantly fewer youths in the TF-CBT condition were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder compared to youths in the TAU condition, χ
2
(1, N = 116) = 4.61, p = .031, Phi = .20). Findings indicate that TF-CBT is effective in treating traumatized youth in community mental health clinics and that the program may also be successfully implemented in countries outside the United States.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
UDP‐3‐O‐(R‐3‐hydroxymyristoyl)‐N‐acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a Zn2+ deacetylase that is essential for the survival of most pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria. ACHN‐975 ...(N‐((S)‐3‐amino‐1‐(hydroxyamino)‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐4‐(((1R,2R)‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)buta‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)benzamide) was the first LpxC inhibitor to reach human clinical testing and was discovered to have a dose‐limiting cardiovascular toxicity of transient hypotension without compensatory tachycardia. Herein we report the effort beyond ACHN‐975 to discover LpxC inhibitors optimized for enzyme potency, antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics, and cardiovascular safety. Based on its overall profile, compound 26 (LPXC‐516, (S)‐N‐(2‐(hydroxyamino)‐1‐(3‐methoxy‐1,1‐dioxidothietan‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl)‐4‐(6‐hydroxyhexa‐1,3‐diyn‐1‐yl)benzamide) was chosen for further development. A phosphate prodrug of 26 was developed that provided a solubility of >30 mg mL−1 for parenteral administration and conversion into the active drug with a t1/2 of approximately two minutes. Unexpectedly, and despite our optimization efforts, the prodrug of 26 still possesses a therapeutic window insufficient to support further clinical development.
It's not the hydroxamate! Antibacterial LpxC inhibitors have been optimized for enzymatic potency, anti‐pseudomonal activity, pharmacokinetics, and cardiovascular safety. We demonstrate that the much‐maligned hydroxamic acid is not responsible for the cardiovascular toxicity observed with LpxC inhibitors. The development of a phosphate prodrug enabled high solubility and rapid conversion into active drug upon intravenous administration.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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