INPEX Corporation has performed six cases of onboard processing during seismic data acquisition. These were conducted in tight time schedules of contract or operations. Another necessity of the ...onboard processing comes from geologist's view; hoping to perform seismic acquisition and its data analyses as same as geological surveys in front of outcrops, cuttings samples, wireline logs, etc., to look at subsurface to locate a prospect to drill timely, and to carry out simultaneous corrections and additions of survey routes and samples. The first case was in 1994 for North Sumatra, Indonesia. It aimed at performing 2D seismic data quality control and quick-look examination of tentative location of the second wildcat drilling, which was urgently planned as a back-to-back well with the first one. The latest one was in 2001 for Masela PSC Block, West Arafura Sea, Indonesia. The onboard processing was performed to depict 3D image of First Track Cube (700km∧2) covering the area of Abadi-1 gas discovery. INPEX was successful in this partial onboard seismic processing, and in timely depicting the main structural feature of the gas discovery. It was very much helpful in fixing the appraisal drilling location in a tight time schedule. The tight schedule was due to contractual (e. g., short period to decide PSC transfer from the first three years' period to the fourth year) and other operational constraints (e. g., limited reliable man-power). Further progress in computer processing speed is desired to simultaneously analyze acquired seismic data onboard, and to optimize exploration and development schemes by adding or revising the survey lines and cubes. Contractual environment for seismic service-contractor should be well prepared in order not to stress them to perform their services too quickly but to well prepare, tune up all equipment and man-power for their services and be on site in time to start the survey. Too severe penalty clause could cause quick but bad services.
In the isolated guinea pig diaphragm muscle, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) elicited a marked potentiation of twitch contraction evoked
by direct electrical stimuli. Although tetraethylammonium (TEA) and ...charybdotoxin only slightly potentiated twitch contraction,
4-AP, but not TEA, also augmented a contractile response to caffeine. These effects of 4-AP on muscle contraction could not
be interpreted by a simple inhibition of potassium channels on the plasma membrane. In the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR) prepared from the guinea pig psoas muscle, 4-AP inhibited the ATP-driven Ca2+ uptake from the extravesicular medium.
Furthermore, 4-AP at concentrations less than 10 mM elicited a selective inhibition of Ca(2+)-activated SR ATPase in a competitive
manner against the Ca2+ concentration of the medium and 10 mM 4-AP showed the unsurmountable inhibition. 4-AP at 30 mM apparently
inhibited activities of other ATPases such as Na+,K+- and myosin ATPases. In contrast, other potassium channel blockers such
as TEA, apamin, charybdotoxin, and glibenclamide did not inhibit the SR function. These results suggest that, although the
specific concentration range is rather small, 4-AP elicits an inhibition of SR Ca(2+)-pumping activity, leading to the marked
potentiation of muscle contractile responses to electrical stimuli and caffeine.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The development of the head and neck skeletons is so complicated. In all vertebrates, the skeletons of the head and neck are made up of the chondrocranium, the sensory capsules, the membrane bone and ...the viscerocranium. In mammals, the chondrocranium ossifies to form the bone of the skull base. Membrane bones form the roof of the skull. Membrane bones directly ossify from the mesenchyme. Viscerocranium support the pharyngeal arches. In humans, there are six pairs of pharyngeal arches which contain a pair of cartilages. The fifth arch forms as short-lived rudiment which promptly regresses. In primitive vertebrates, the first arch cartilage called Meckel's cartilage gives rise to the bones of the upper and lower jaws. The jaws of higher vertebrate, including humans, are formed almost entirely by intramembranous ossification, and the cartilages of the first arch give rise to the incus and malleus in the middle ear. The cartilages of the second arch called Reichert's cartilage give rise to the stapes, the styloid process of the temporal bone, stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of the hyoid bone. The cartilages of the third arch give rise to the greater horn of the hyoid bone. The cartilages of the forth and sixth arch fuse to form the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate and cuniform cartilages of the larynx. This time, we made the model in order to demonstrate this complicated development. In this model, neurocranium, sensory capsules, viscerocranium and membrane bones painted in different colors respectively are placed on the board. The cartilages and bones are made of wood or paper clay, and disappearing or developing parts are detachable with the help of magnets. This model helps us to teach students the development of the branchial cartilages effectively.
Administration of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 0.1-10 mM), a K^+ -channel blocker, dose-dependently elicited an augmentation of twitch response to electrical stimuli which directly activated muscle of ...isolated guinea pig diaphragm. 3,4-Diaminopyridine (1 mM) also augmented twitch contraction. 4-AP (1-10 mM) elicited a small muscle contraction. Using a Ca^2+ -sensitive electrode, Ca^2+ concentration of the medium containing a heavy fraction of fragmented SR prepared from guinea-pig psoas muscle was measured. Addition of 4-AP (1-10 mM) or 3,4-diaminopyridine (10 mM) to the medium elicited Ca^2+ release from SR. On the other hand, the presence of 4-AP (3-10 mM) or 3,4-diaminopyridine (10 mM) prolonged time for ATP-driven Ca^2+ uptake into SR and selectively inhibited SR Ca^2+ -ATPase activity. These results suggest that aminopyridine-induced inhibition of SR Ca^2+ -pumping activity is involved in augmentation of muscle twitch contraction. Aminopyridine elicits contraction, presumably due to action of Ca^2+ release from SR.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The On'nagawa Formation in Akita Sedimentary Basin is composed of siliceous mudstone and volcaniclastics. The volocaniclastic facies have been productive reservoirs of oil and gas fields in the ...Neogene Akita Basin, North Japan. The mudstone facies have been recognized to be potential source rocks for hydrocarbons pools in the reservoirs. After a long period of oil and gas production in the basin, a potential exploration concept of a new play in the siliceous rocks is required to keep the productivity of the basin. This study reports a basic description of physical properties of the siliceous mudstone facies in order to provide a basis for the idea of shale play in the On'nagawa Formation. Wireline logs (GR, Δt, ρb) are basic data for our description of the physical rock properties as well as descriptions of cutting lithology.
Administration of maitotoxin (MTX), a dinoflagellate toxin, caused aggregation of rabbit washed platelets. The cytosolic Ca
2+
concentration (Ca
2+
i
), measured by fura‐2 fluorescence technique, ...was also increased by the presence of MTX. Rates of aggregation response and Ca
2+
i
‐increase were dependent on tested concentrations (3–100 ng ml
−1
) of the toxin.
The MTX‐induced platelet aggregation and Ca
2+
i
‐increase were totally abolished in a Ca
2+
‐free solution. The successive administration of Ca
2+
in the presence of MTX elicited the aggregation and increase in Ca
2+
i
.
Ba
2+
was capable of substituting for Ca
2+
in the MTX‐induced platelet aggregation. In the presence of external Ca
2+
, transition metals, Co
2+
, Cd
2+
and Ni
2+
, inhibited the aggregation response to MTX.
Organic calcium antagonists (verapamil and nifedipine) as well as a cyclo‐oxygenase‐inhibitor (aspirin) did not apparently inhibit the aggregation response to MTX, except for a high concentration (10
−5
m
) of verapamil, while procaine (10 m
m
) reduced the rate of platelet aggregation.
MTX also elicited a release of ATP from platelets, which was abolished in the absence of external Ca
2+
.
In contrast, thrombin 0.5 unit ml
−1
could elicit platelet shape change, Ca
2+
i
‐increase and ATP‐release in the absence of external Ca
2+
.
These results suggest that the MTX‐induced platelet activation is caused by an enhanced Ca
2+
‐influx presumably through voltage‐independent Ca
2+
channels on the plasma membrane.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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