Brain-derived exosomes released into the blood are considered a liquid biopsy to investigate the pathophysiological state, reflecting the aberrant heterogeneous pathways of pathological progression ...of the brain in neurological diseases. Brain-derived blood exosomes provide promising prospects for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, with exciting possibilities for the early and sensitive diagnosis of such diseases. However, the capability of traditional exosome isolation assays to specifically isolate blood exosomes and to characterize the brain-derived blood exosomal proteins by high-throughput proteomics for clinical specimens from patients with neurological diseases cannot be assured. We report a magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay, which combined transferrin and magnetic nanoparticles to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes from clinical samples.
The principle of the MTNs assay is a ligand-receptor interaction through transferrin on MTNs and transferrin receptor on exosomes, and electrostatic interaction via positively charged MTNs and negatively charged exosomes to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes. In addition, the MTNs assay is simple and rapid (< 35 min) and does not require any large instrument. We confirmed that the MTNs assay accurately and efficiently isolated exosomes from serum samples of humans with neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, we isolated exosomes from serum samples of 30 patients with three distinct neurodegenerative diseases and performed unbiased proteomic analysis to explore the pilot value of brain-derived blood protein profiles as biomarkers.
Using comparative statistical analysis, we found 21 candidate protein biomarkers that were significantly different among three groups of neurodegenerative diseases.
The MTNs assay is a convenient approach for the specific and affordable isolation of extracellular vesicles from body fluids for minimally-invasive diagnosis of neurological diseases.
Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are popular companion animals. Increase in medical expenses associated with them and demand for extending their lifespan in a healthy manner has created the ...need to develop new diagnostic technology. Companion dogs also serve as important animal models for non-clinical research as they can provide various biological phenotypes. Proteomics have been increasingly used on dogs and humans to identify novel biomarkers of various diseases. Despite the growing applications of proteomics in liquid biopsy in veterinary medicine, no publicly available spectral assay libraries have been created for the proteome of canine serum and urine. In this study, we generated spectral assay libraries for the two-representative liquid-biopsy samples using mid-pH fractionation that allows in-depth understanding of proteome coverage. The resultant canine serum and urine spectral assay libraries include 1,132 and 4,749 protein groups and 5,483 and 25,228 peptides, respectively. We built these complimentary accessible resources for proteomic biomarker discovery studies through ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD034770.
Background & Aims
Lymphocyte‐rich hepatocellular carcinoma (LR‐HCC) is largely unknown and a rare subtype of HCC with immune‐rich stroma. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), frequently observed in ...LR‐HCC, are known to be prognostically significant in various malignancies; however, their significance in HCC remains unevaluated.
Methods
Clinicopathologic data of 191 cases of surgically resected conventional HCC (C‐HCC, n = 160) and LR‐HCC (n = 31) were retrieved. Immunohistochemistry, multiplex immunofluorescence staining, RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis were conducted. Differences between the subtypes were statistically evaluated.
Results
LR‐HCC was significantly correlated to larger tumour size, higher Edmondson–Steiner grade, presence of TLS and higher CD3‐, CD8‐ and FOXP3‐positive T cell, high PD‐1 and PD‐L1 expression (p < .001 for all) compared to C‐HCC. Patients with LR‐HCC exhibited significantly better overall survival (OS) (p = .044) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (p = .025) than C‐HCC. LR‐HCC demonstrated TLS signatures with significantly higher proteomic‐based immune scores in 14 of 17 types of tumour‐infiltrating immune cells. Furthermore, C‐HCC with secondary follicles, the most mature form of TLS, exhibited significantly better OS (p = .031) and RFS (p = .033) than those without. Across the global proteome, LR‐HCC was well‐differentiated from C‐HCC and a map of protein–protein interactions between tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and HCC in tumour microenvironment was completed.
Conclusion
LR‐HCC is clinicopathologically and molecularly distinct and shows better prognosis compared to C‐HCC. Also, the presence of secondary follicle can be an important prognostic marker for better prognosis in both LR‐HCC and C‐HCC.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Zn/Co bimetallic MOFs/ZnO nanospheres core/shell structure was synthesized.•Co/Co3O4 NPs-embedded N-doped hollow carbon composite (Co/Co3O4-NHC) was fabricated.•Co/Co3O4-NHC provided ...abundant active sites and strong chemical adsorption with LiPSs.•S@Co/Co3O4-NHC exhibited an outstanding rate capability and cycle stability in Li-S batteries.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are a promising next-generation energy storage technology. To meet the industrial requirements, however, effective sulfur host materials are highly desired for the enhanced sulfur loading and lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) trapping. Herein, we describe the synthesis of N-doped hollow carbon composite embedded with well-dispersed Co/Co3O4 nanoparticles (Co/Co3O4-NHC) via the carbonization of a Zn/Co bimetallic metal-organic frameworks/ZnO nanospheres core-shell structure. The Co/Co3O4-NHC features uniform N-doping, intertwined carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and dual types of pores. ZnO nanospheres employed as a template for hollow structure also contribute to the formation of CNTs and micro-pores. The S-infiltrated Co/Co3O4-NHC cathode delivers an excellent rate performance (specific capacity of 447.9 mA h g−1 at 5 C-rate) and stability (553.4 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles). With a high S loading (4 mg cm−2), 87.8% of specific capacity is retained after 250 cycles. This work can offer insights on designing the sulfur host materials for high-performance Li-S batteries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Characterizing the influence factors of exhaust gas based on the suspended road dust on paved roads, according to the number of vehicles and their distance with regard to driving pattern, is ...important in order to provide a coefficient for driving patterns to find a model equation. This has been a limitation of previous studies, in which this was difficult to carry out in a large area reflecting various driving patterns because some sections were selected according to empirical measurement results, and only one vehicle measurement was used to find the level of road dust. This study measured the concentration of suspended road dust that could occur, depending on the vehicle’s driving patterns, on an experimental road in Yongin, South Korea, from May to July 2023. The study was conducted to determine the degree of the effect of exhaust gas, according to the concentration of suspended road dust generated, by determining the separation distance based on real-time measurements. This study attempted to determine the changes in suspended road dust based on driving patterns in urban areas and factor in the concentration of suspended road dust with regard to emission characteristics in terms of exhaust gas and particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or less (PM10). This was in accordance with conditions evaluated using mobile laboratories, based on suspended-PM10-concentration-measuring equipment. This study mainly focused on the following main topics: (1) increasing the level of suspended particulate matter at less than 10 m intervals produced by exhaust gas; (2) decreasing the level of suspended road dust with an increase in the number of vehicles, with the area measured at a distance of three cars in front showing the lowest level of suspended road dust in the air and a low level for the rear vehicle; (3) demonstrating that PM10 is effective in measuring the generation of suspended road dust; and (4) evaluating suspended road dust levels by road section. Based on the results, this research is necessary to more appropriately set the focus of analyses that aim to characterize suspended road dust according to exhaust gas and PM10 content in silt.
A consolidated memory can be transiently destabilized by memory retrieval, after which memories are reconsolidated within a few hours; however, the molecular substrates underlying this ...destabilization process remain essentially unknown. Here we show that at lateral amygdala synapses, fear memory consolidation correlates with increased surface expression of calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors (CI-AMPARs), which are known to be more stable at the synapse, whereas memory retrieval induces an abrupt exchange of CI-AMPARs to calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs), which are known to be less stable at the synapse. We found that blockade of either CI-AMPAR endocytosis or NMDA receptor activity during memory retrieval, both of which blocked the exchange to CP-AMPARs, prevented memory destabilization, indicating that this transient exchange of AMPARs may underlie the transformation of a stable memory into an unstable memory. These newly inserted CP-AMPARs gradually exchanged back to CI-AMPARs within hours, which coincided with the course of reconsolidation. Furthermore, blocking the activity of these newly inserted CP-AMPARs after retrieval impaired reconsolidation, suggesting that they serve as synaptic “tags” that support synapse-specific reconsolidation. Taken together, our results reveal unexpected physiological roles of CI-AMPARs and CP-AMPARs in transforming a consolidated memory into an unstable memory and subsequently guiding reconsolidation.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Nanostructured transition metal nitride (TMNs) electrocatalysts for water electrolysis are overviewed.•The related catalytic reactions and the catalytic activity of different TMNs on a theoretical ...basis are analyzed.•Engineering strategies for improving electrocatalytic performance of TMNs are also discussed.•Some of the challenges and perspectives that remain in this rapidly evolving field are discussed.
Water electrolysis has aroused extensive research efforts due to its potential applications of sewage disposal, microorganism treatment and direct electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production. At this background, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have raised lots of attention, because their physical properties are similar to those of metallic elements and TMNs have unique electron orbital structures. The inner nitrogens can increase the electron density of d-bands of transition metals, so that the electronic structures of TMNs are similar with some precious metals, whose density of states can cross the Fermi level. Therefore, TMNs have similar conductivities with metals and possess superior electrocatalytic performance. Nanostructured TMNs tend to have relatively large dispersion and more exposed active sites, which have direct improvement for catalytic activity and stability as electrochemical catalysts. This review summarizes the representative progress of TMNs based catalysts on both synthetic strategies of structural engineering and electronic engineering for improving electrocatalytic performance, especially in hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and water splitting. Finally, we further propose the future challenges and research directions of nanostructured TMNs in the electrochemical energy fields of efficient preparations and performance enhancements.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Characterizing the influencing factors of resuspended dust on paved roads according to the atmospheric environment and traffic conditions is important to provide a basis for road atmospheric ...pollution control measures suitable for various road environments in the future. This study attempts to identify factors in the concentration of resuspended dust according to the level of road dust loading and PM10 emission characteristics according to atmospheric weather environment and traffic conditions using real-time vehicle-based resuspended PM10 concentration measuring equipment. This study mainly focuses on the following main topics: (1) the increased level of resuspended dust according to vehicle speed and silt loading (sL) level; (2) difference between atmospheric pollution at adjacent monitoring station concentration and background concentration levels on roads due to atmospheric weather changes; (3) the correlation between traffic and weather factors with resuspended dust levels; (4) the evaluation of resuspended dust levels by road section. Based on the results, the necessity of research to more appropriately set the focus of analysis in order to characterize the resuspended dust according to changes in the traffic and weather environment in urban areas is presented.
In the regeneration process for new tissues, oxygen promotes re-epithelialization and healing of infected wounds, increases keratinocyte differentiation, proliferation and migration of fibroblast, ...and induces angiogenesis, collagen synthesis and wound contraction. Therefore, provision of oxygen to cells and tissues at an optimal level is critical for effective tissue regeneration and wound healing. In this study, we developed sustained oxygen-releasing polymeric microspheres and fabricated a sponge type dressing by embedding the microspheres into alginate-based hydrogel that can supply oxygen to wounds. We further investigated the applicability of the microspheres and hydrogel sponge to wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Oxygen-releasing microspheres (ORM) were made by incorporating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) using double emulsion method. H2O2-PLGA microspheres were embedded into alginate-based hydrogel to form a porous oxygen-releasing hydrogel sponge (ORHS). Biocompatibility was performed using cell counting kit-8. The oxygen release kinetic study was performed using a hydrogen peroxide assay kit and oxygen meter. The wound healing potential of ORHS was evaluated using the wound scratch model. In vivo studies were carried out to investigate the safety and efficacy of the ORHS for wound healing. Experimental results confirmed that oxygen released from ORMand ORHS induced neovascularization and promoted cell proliferation thereby facilitating effective wound healing. It is suggested that the ORM can be used for supplying oxygen to where cells and tissues are deprived of necessary oxygen, and ORHS is an intelligent scaffold to effectively heal wound by enhanced angiogenesis by oxygen. Conclusively, oxygen releasing polymeric microspheres and hydrogel scaffolds have potential for a variety of tissue engineering applications, where require oxygen.
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