In this correspondence, we point out a discrepancy in a recent paper, "data mining static code attributes to learn defect predictors," that was published in this journal. Because of the small ...percentage of defective modules, using probability of detection (pd) and probability of false alarm (pf) as accuracy measures may lead to impractical prediction models.
: Autophagy in Schwann cells (SCs) is crucial for myelin debris degradation and clearance following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in reconstructing ...peripheral nerve fibers and promoting axonal regeneration. However, it remains unclear if NGF effect in enhancing nerve regeneration is mediated through autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs.
:
, free NGF solution plus with/without pharmacological inhibitors were administered to a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model.
, the primary Schwann cells (SCs) and its cell line were cultured in normal medium containing NGF, their capable of swallowing or clearing degenerated myelin was evaluated through supplement of homogenized myelin fractions.
: Administration of exogenous NGF could activate autophagy in dedifferentiated SCs, accelerate myelin debris clearance and phagocytosis, as well as promote axon and myelin regeneration at early stage of PNI. These NGF effects were effectively blocked by autophagy inhibitors. In addition, inhibition of the p75 kD neurotrophin receptor (p75
) signal or inactivation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also inhibited the NGF effect as well.
: NGF effect on promoting early nerve regeneration is closely associated with its accelerating autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs, which probably regulated by the p75
/AMPK/mTOR axis. Our studies thus provide strong support that NGF may serve as a powerful pharmacological therapy for peripheral nerve injuries.
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•Garnet LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yielded ages of 139.10 ± 5.40 and 140.70 ± 1.89 Ma, which firstly identified the timing of the Haobugao skarns.•Garnet trace element compositions can ...reflect physicochemical conditions of hydrothermal fluids.•Combined garnet U-Pb, zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os geochronological data could precisely date the magmatism, skarn formation and mineralization.
The Haobugao skarn Zn-Pb ore deposit (reserves of 0.29 Mt @ 4.24% Zn, 0.15 Mt @ 2.25% Pb) is located in the southern Great Xing’an Range (SXGR) Cu-Mo-Ag-Au-Pb-Zn-Fe metallogenic province in northeastern China. The ore bodies mainly occur near the contact zones between the early Cretaceous granite and the lower Permian carbonates and sometimes in distal locations. Two types of garnet are identified, i.e., green and fine-grained garnet (Grt A), and brown and coarse-grained garnet (Grt B). The Grt A contains a wider compositional range (Adr71.46-95.07Grs0.16-24.10), whereas the Grt B contains a relatively narrow compositional range (Adr87.65-97.52Grs0.07-10.11). The Grt A displays chondrite-normalized HREE-enriched and LREE-depleted patterns with negative Eu anomalies, suggesting that the Grt A was likely crystallized from a nearly neutral fluid. In contrast, the Grt B is LREE-enriched, HREE-depleted with pronounced positive Eu anomalies, indicating that the Grt B was probably formed from a mildly acidic fluid. The Grt A contains lower U contents than the Grt B, implying that the Grt A was likely formed under a relatively oxidized condition, while the Grt B crystallized from a more reduced condition.
Skarn mineralization at Haobugao (139.10 ± 5.40 and 140.70 ± 1.89 Ma, garnet LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages) and Zn-Pb mineralization (138.27 ± 0.14/0.69/0.81 and 138.82 ± 0.07/0.68/0.80 Ma, molybdenite ID-N-TIMS Re-Os ages) were associated with the emplacement of the granitoids dated from 143.49 ± 0.76 to 140.85 ± 0.75 Ma (zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages). The integrated geochronological data suggest that the ore-related granitoids, skarn, and Zn-Pb mineralization in the Haobugao deposit all formed in the early Cretaceous, which occurred in an extensional tectonic setting associated with regional Paleo-Pacific slab roll-back. This study highlights the reliability and viability of garnet U-Pb dating for constraining the timing of skarn formation, and utilizing its age with textural and trace element concentrations could well reconstruct the ore-forming process of skarn deposits.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Crystalline samples of 3(5)-(9-anthryl)pyrazole and its one derivative exhibit interesting piezochromic behaviors with the emission colors differently changing from blue to green and from green to ...blue, respectively, upon grinding.
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the brain. Changes in the properties and postsynaptic abundance ...of AMPARs are pivotal mechanisms in synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission. A wide range of neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, despite their extremely diverse etiology, pathogenesis and symptoms, exhibit brain region-specific and AMPAR subunit-specific aberrations in synaptic transmission or plasticity. These include abnormally enhanced or reduced AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission or plasticity. Bidirectional reversal of these changes by targeting AMPAR subunits or trafficking ameliorates drug-seeking behavior, chronic pain, epileptic seizures, or cognitive deficits. This indicates that bidirectional dysregulation of AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission or plasticity may contribute to the expression of many brain disorders and therefore serve as a therapeutic target. Here, we provide a synopsis of bidirectional AMPAR dysregulation in animal models of brain disorders and review the preclinical evidence on the therapeutic targeting of AMPARs.
Chiral assemblies have attracted great interest because of their many potential applications, such as in chiral sensing, asymmetric catalysis, and optical devices. Here, by using specific DNAzymes, a ...chiral core–satellite assembly consisting of a DNAzyme‐driven spiny nanorod dimer core and upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) satellite was constructed. The chirality of this assembly originates from the geometry chirality. This chiral assembly can be used as a photothermally activated probe for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in living cells. Under illumination with 980 nm left circularly polarized (LCP) light, this probe was used to quantify and visualize intracellular metal ions.
Polarized light for biosensing: Chiral assemblies have attracted great interest because of their many potential applications, such as in chiral sensing, asymmetric catalysis, and optical devices. By using specific DNAzymes, a chiral core–satellite assembly consisting of a DNAzyme‐driven spiny nanorod dimer core and upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) satellite was constructed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In the last century, molecular crystals functioned predominantly as a means for determining the molecular structures
via
X-ray diffraction, albeit as the century came to a close the response of ...molecular crystals to electric, magnetic, and light fields revealed that the physical properties of molecular crystals were as rich as the diversity of molecules themselves. In this century, the mechanical properties of molecular crystals have continued to enhance our understanding of the colligative responses of weakly bound molecules to internal frustration and applied forces. Here, the authors review the main themes of research that have developed in recent decades, prefaced by an overview of the particular considerations that distinguish molecular crystals from traditional materials such as metals and ceramics. Many molecular crystals will deform themselves as they grow under some conditions. Whether they respond to intrinsic stress or external forces or interactions among the fields of growing crystals remains an open question. Photoreactivity in single crystals has been a leading theme in organic solid-state chemistry; however, the focus of research has been traditionally on reaction stereo- and regio-specificity. However, as light-induced chemistry builds stress in crystals anisotropically, all types of motions can be actuated. The correlation between photochemistry and the responses of single crystals-jumping, twisting, fracturing, delaminating, rocking, and rolling-has become a well-defined field of research in its own right: photomechanics. The advancement of our understanding requires theoretical and high-performance computations. Computational crystallography not only supports interpretations of mechanical responses, but predicts the responses itself. This requires the engagement of classical force-field based molecular dynamics simulations, density functional theory-based approaches, and the use of machine learning to divine patterns to which algorithms can be better suited than people. The integration of mechanics with the transport of electrons and photons is considered for practical applications in flexible organic electronics and photonics. Dynamic crystals that respond rapidly and reversibly to heat and light can function as switches and actuators. Progress in identifying efficient shape-shifting crystals is also discussed. Finally, the importance of mechanical properties to milling and tableting of pharmaceuticals in an industry still dominated by active ingredients composed of small molecule crystals is reviewed. A dearth of data on the strength, hardness, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness of molecular crystals underscores the need for refinement of measurement techniques and conceptual tools. The need for benchmark data is emphasized throughout.
Molecular crystals have shown remarkable adaptability in response to a range of external stimuli. Here, we survey this emerging field and provide a critical overview of the experimental, computational and instrumental tools being used to design and apply such materials.
The change of serum interleukin-6(IL-6) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as well as the relations between IL-6 levels and body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance(IR) and ...androgen status of PCOS patients, are not fully understood.
A literature search was performed in October 2015 using PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases to identify studies. Random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Twenty articles with 25 case-control studies included 1618 women (922 PCOS patients and 696 controls) were included in this study. IL-6 levels in controls were significantly lower than that of PCOS patients (SMD = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.41-1.16, P<0.001), with significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 91% and P<0.001). Meta-regression analysis model indicated IR status was the main source of heterogeneity (P = 0.005). Results from group analysis suggested that high IL-6 levels in PCOS were significantly associated with Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) ratio and total testosterone ratio (T ratio), and was found in both lean and obese women with PCOS. Cumulative meta-analysis results indicated the total effect size (SMD) had tend to be stable since 2012(0.79 to 0.92).
A high IL-6 level is not an intrinsic characteristic of PCOS, but may be a useful monitoring biomarker for the treatment of PCOS.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Regulation of male sexual differentiation by a Y chromosome-linked male determining factor (M-factor) is one of a diverse array of sex determination mechanisms found in insects. By deep sequencing of ...small RNAs from Bactrocera dorsalis early embryos, we identified an autosomal-derived microRNA, miR-1-3p, that has predicted target sites in the transformer gene (Bdtra) required for female sex determination. We further demonstrate by both in vitro and in vivo tests that miR-1-3p suppresses Bdtra expression. Injection of a miR-1-3p mimic in early embryos results in 87-92% phenotypic males, whereas knockdown of miR-1-3p by an inhibitor results in 67-77% phenotypic females. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of miR-1-3p results in the expression of female-specific splice variants of Bdtra and doublesex (Bddsx), and induced sex reversal of XY individuals into phenotypic females. These results indicate that miR-1-3p is required for male sex determination in early embryogenesis in B. dorsalis as an intermediate male determiner.
YOLOv5 is one of the most popular object detection algorithms, which is divided into multiple series according to the control of network depth and width. To realize the deployment of mobile devices ...or embedded devices, the paper proposes a lightweight aerial image object detection algorithm (LAI-YOLOv5s) based on the improvement of YOLOv5s with a relatively small amount of calculation and parameter and relatively fast reasoning speed. Firstly, to better detect small objects, the paper replaces the minimum detection head with the maximum detection head and proposes a new feature fusion method, DFM-CPFN(Deep Feature Map Cross Path Fusion Network), to enrich the semantic information of deep features. Secondly, the paper designs a new module based on VoVNet to improve the feature extraction ability of the backbone network. Finally, based on the idea of ShuffleNetV2, the paper makes the network more lightweight without affecting detection accuracy. Based on the VisDrone2019 dataset, the detection accuracy of LAI-YOLOv5s on the mAP@0.5 index is 8.3% higher than that of the original algorithm. Compared with other series of YOLOv5 and YOLOv3 algorithms, LAI-YOLOv5s has the advantages of low computational cost and high detection accuracy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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