Electrophysiological recording is a powerful technique to examine neuronal substrates underlying cognition and behavior. Neuropixels probes provide a unique capacity to capture neuronal activity ...across many brain areas with high spatiotemporal resolution. Neuropixels are also expensive and optimized for acute, head-fixed use, both of which limit the types of behaviors and manipulations that can be studied. Recent advances have addressed the cost issue by showing chronic implant, explant, and reuse of Neuropixels probes, but the methods were not optimized for use in free-moving behavior. There were specific needs for improvement in cabling/connection stability. Here, we extend that work to demonstrate chronic Neuropixels recording, explant, and reuse in a rat model during fully free-moving operant behavior. Similar to prior approaches, we house the probe and headstage within a 3D-printed housing that avoids direct fixation of the probe to the skull, enabling eventual explant. We demonstrate innovations to allow chronic headstage connection with protection against environmental factors and a more stable cabling setup to reduce the tension that can interrupt recording. We demonstrate this approach with rats performing two different behavioral tasks, in each case showing: (1) chronic single- or dual-probe recordings in free-moving rats in operant chambers and (2) reusability of Neuropixels 1.0 probes with continued good single-unit yield after retrieval and reimplant. We thus demonstrate the potential for Neuropixels recordings in a wider range of species and preparations.
WHEN Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, international trade sanctions were rapidly instituted against Iraq. On January 16, 1991, the war to liberate Kuwait began, and within six weeks Allied forces ...declared a cease-fire. Civilian revolts against the Iraqi government in March and April resulted in the displacement of an estimated 2 million people in the northern (Kurdish) and southern (Shiite) regions of Iraq.
Little objective information is available about the effect of the economic sanctions, war, and civilian uprisings on the health of civilians. An international team that visited Iraq in April 1991 reported epidemics of cholera, typhoid, and . . .
BACKGROUND.Increased mortality rates have been reported after high titer measles >10 plaque-forming units (PFU) vaccination in several large studies in the developing world. An increased titer ...measles vaccine study conducted in Sudan included a prolonged prospective evaluation of childhood morbidity after vaccination.
METHODS.Five hundred ten children (170 per group) were randomized to receive 1 of 3 regimens at 5 and 9 months of age(1) meningococcal vaccine, then standard titer (50% tissue culture-infective dose, 10) Schwarz measles vaccine; (2) increased titer (10 PFU) Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine followed by meningococcal vaccine; and (3) increased titer (10 PFU) Connaught vaccine followed by standard titer Schwarz measles vaccine.
RESULTS.Health workers collected information at 31 582 semimonthly and monthly visits during 5 years. No increase in infant mortality was observed, but the statistical power was limited. There were 13, 13 and 10 deaths in the Schwarz, Edmonston-Zagreb and Connaught groups, respectively. There were no differences in duration or incidence of illness between groups at any time during the 5-year follow-up, with comparisons stratified by age and sex. Statistical power for each pairwise comparison was good, with at least 80% power to detect a difference of 1 day per month of illness and a 12% difference in the proportion of visits with an illness recorded.
CONCLUSIONS.We were unable to document increased morbidity in recipients of the increased titer measles vaccines used in this study. These data do not support the hypothesis that increased mortality after increased titer vaccine exposure is the result of increased and cumulative morbidity.
In a world of diversity and disparity, children are a unifying force capable of bringing people to common ethical grounds. Children’s needs and aspirations cut across all ideologies and cultures. The ...needs of all children are the same: nutritious food, adequate health care, a decent education, shelter and a secure and loving family. Children are both our reason to struggle to eliminate the worst aspects of warfare, and our best hope for succeeding at it.¹
The plight of war-affected children², in particular the emerging trend of targeting children both as victims and combatants, is one of the most disturbing human
Phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids have been synthesized by coupling appropriately substituted 3-halophthalides and 2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium salts in the presence of Zn(Cu) couple or metallic ...Zn. Both erythro and threo isomers are formed in the reaction. The nmr spectra of the (±)-erythro- and (±)-threo-isocordrastines have been reinvestigated. The results, which differ from those previously reported, lead to a different conclusion regarding the conformation of the molecules.
Untapped talent pool can bring unique benefits, Aug. 10 Pitney Bowes Canada's strategy to hire newcomers shows why tapping into this well-educated talent pool is essential to the success of Ontario's ...businesses and economy.
Protéger les plus vulnérables CARMEN SORGER; ERIC HOSKINS
Securite humaine et nouvelle diplomatie,
02/2002
Book Chapter
La situation critique des enfants touchés par la guerre² particulièrement la nouvelle tendance à les utiliser à la fois comme victimes et comme combattants, est l’un des problèmes de sécurité humaine ...les plus troublants auxquels la communauté mondiale doit faire face aujourd’hui. Les chiffres de la dernière décennie illustrent clairement le tribut dévastateur payé par les enfants: près de deux millions de morts; plus de quatre millions de handicapés; plus d’un million d’orphelins; 20 millions de déplacés; plus de dix millions d’enfants psychologiquement épouvantés après avoir été enlevés, détenus, violés et témoins du meurtre brutal des membres de leur famille;
