Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-related death in worldwide, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. Surgery, platinum-based chemotherapy, ...molecular targeted agents and radiotherapy are the main treatment of NSCLC. With the strategies of treatment constantly improving, the prognosis of NSCLC patients is not as good as before, new sort of treatments are needed to be exploited. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 play a key role in tumor immune escape and the formation of tumor microenvironment, closely related with tumor generation and development. Blockading the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could reverse the tumor microenvironment and enhance the endogenous antitumor immune responses. Utilizing the PD-1 and/or PD-L1 inhibitors has shown benefits in clinical trials of NSCLC. In this review, we discuss the basic principle of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and its role in the tumorigenesis and development of NSCLC. The clinical development of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibitors and the main problems in the present studies and the research direction in the future will also be discussed.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This tutorial review presents some recent developments in the construction and applications of cassettes based on resonance energy transfer between fluorescent dyes in the visible and infrared ...region. We focused on the contributions of different connections between the energy donor and acceptor according to the "through-space" and "through-bond" methods, and emphasised their applications in ratiometric sensing for the detection of ions and small molecules.
This
tutorial review
pays attention to the construction and applications of energy transfer cassettes, and emphasises ratiometric sensing for the detection of ions and small molecules.
Mild chemical processes of various analytes and detection methods involving revolutionary strategies in the fields of analytical chemistry, biology and environmental sciences have been extensively ...developed. This
critical review
focuses on representative examples of mild chemical processes that can be used in fluorescent chemodosimeters for ion sensing (anions and cations). A systematisation according to the type of reaction mechanism is established. Numerous examples including extensions combined with catalytic and material sciences applicable in fluorescence imaging and water treatment are also discussed (151 references).
This
critical review
focuses on advances in various mild chemical processes that can form the basis of fluorescent chemodosimeters for anions and cations, as well as catalytic and material science application in fluorescence imaging and water treatment.
The world is shifting to electric vehicles to mitigate climate change. Here, we quantify the future demand for key battery materials, considering potential electric vehicle fleet and battery ...chemistry developments as well as second-use and recycling of electric vehicle batteries. We find that in a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide dominated battery scenario, demand is estimated to increase by factors of 18–20 for lithium, 17–19 for cobalt, 28–31 for nickel, and 15–20 for most other materials from 2020 to 2050, requiring a drastic expansion of lithium, cobalt, and nickel supply chains and likely additional resource discovery. However, uncertainties are large. Key factors are the development of the electric vehicles fleet and battery capacity requirements per vehicle. If other battery chemistries were used at large scale, e.g. lithium iron phosphate or novel lithium-sulphur or lithium-air batteries, the demand for cobalt and nickel would be substantially smaller. Closed-loop recycling plays a minor, but increasingly important role for reducing primary material demand until 2050, however, advances in recycling are necessary to economically recover battery-grade materials from end-of-life batteries. Second-use of electric vehicles batteries further delays recycling potentials.
Lithium-ion-based batteries are a key enabler for the global shift towards electric vehicles. Here, considering developments in battery chemistry and number of electric vehicles, analysis reveals the increasing amounts of lithium, cobalt and nickel that could be needed.
Based on a quantitative analysis of nitrate concentrations, the nitrate sources and temporal variability of the rivers, lakes, and wetlands of Tibet were assessed for the first time using dual ...isotope technology. Water samples were collected once in July 2017 for analysis of nitrate concentration and isotopic composition. The overall values of δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3− ranged from +1.8‰ to +23.0‰, and from −6.3‰ to +22.2‰ respectively. Duel isotopic composition suggested that nitrification of soil organic nitrogen was the main source of nitrate in the Yalu Tsangpo River. Furthermore, anthropogenic nitrogen inputs become more important in downstream than upstream because of intensive agricultural activities and urban input. In the rivers of the Ngari District, nitrate is mainly derived from desert deposits, manure and sewage, and chemical fertilisers. Different rivers show different characteristics of nitrate sources depending on the location, topography, landform, and climate of the river basins. Animal manure, nitrification of soil organic matter, and desert deposits are mainly responsible for the shifting of nitrate isotopic signatures in lakes, which are minimally affected by human activities. In wetlands, biological nitrification and denitrification could be the main processes of nitrogen migration and transformation. These results provide useful information in revealing the fate of nitrate in different aquatic ecosystems and different areas of Tibet.
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•The dual isotope technology was first used to identify the source of nitrate in rivers, lakes and wetlands in Tibet.•The nitrification of soil organic nitrogen was the main sources of nitrate in the Yalu Tsangpo River.•The nitrate of rivers in Ngari Prefecture is mainly derived from desert deposits manure and sewage, and chemical fertilisers.•Biological nitrification and denitrification could be the main processes of nitrogen transformation in wetlands.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The energy transition will require a rapid deployment of renewable energy (RE) and electric vehicles (EVs) where other transit modes are unavailable. EV batteries could complement RE generation by ...providing short-term grid services. However, estimating the market opportunity requires an understanding of many socio-technical parameters and constraints. We quantify the global EV battery capacity available for grid storage using an integrated model incorporating future EV battery deployment, battery degradation, and market participation. We include both in-use and end-of-vehicle-life use phases and find a technical capacity of 32-62 terawatt-hours by 2050. Low participation rates of 12%-43% are needed to provide short-term grid storage demand globally. Participation rates fall below 10% if half of EV batteries at end-of-vehicle-life are used as stationary storage. Short-term grid storage demand could be met as early as 2030 across most regions. Our estimates are generally conservative and offer a lower bound of future opportunities.
Building stock growth around the world drives extensive material consumption and environmental impacts. Future impacts will be dependent on the level and rate of socioeconomic development, along with ...material use and supply strategies. Here we evaluate material-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for residential and commercial buildings along with their reduction potentials in 26 global regions by 2060. For a middle-of-the-road baseline scenario, building material-related emissions see an increase of 3.5 to 4.6 Gt CO2eq yr-1 between 2020-2060. Low- and lower-middle-income regions see rapid emission increase from 750 Mt (22% globally) in 2020 and 2.4 Gt (51%) in 2060, while higher-income regions shrink in both absolute and relative terms. Implementing several material efficiency strategies together in a High Efficiency (HE) scenario could almost half the baseline emissions. Yet, even in this scenario, the building material sector would require double its current proportional share of emissions to meet a 1.5 °C-compatible target.
This study proposes a hierarchical pattern recognition method for tourism demand forecasting. The hierarchy consists of three tiers: the first tier recognizes the calendar pattern of tourism demand, ...identifying work days and holidays and integrating “floating holidays.” The second tier recognizes the tourism demand pattern in the data stream for different calendar pattern groups. The third tier generates forecasts of future tourism demand. Evidence from daily tourist visits to three attractions in China shows that the proposed method is effective in forecasting daily tourism demand. Moreover, the treatment of “floating holidays” turns out to be more effective and flexible than the commonly adopted dummy variable approach.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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Drug delivery systems have become an integral part of anticancer drugs today. Design of novel drug carriers may lead to significant enhancement in antineoplastic therapy. Glycyrrhizic ...acid (GL), which is the most important active ingredient extracted from the licorice root shows great potential as a carrier material in this field. Recent studies have indicated that the combination of GL and first-line drugs had better therapeutic effects on cancers. GL showed a series of anti-cancer-related pharmacological activities, such as broad-spectrum anti-cancer ability, resistance to the tissue toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation, drug absorption enhancing effects and anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms, as a carrier material in drug delivery systems. This review introduced the current research progress on pharmacological mechanisms of GL and development of GL-based drug carriers in anti-cancer field to provide basis for the application prospects of GL. The design of novel GL-based drug delivery systems will bring new opportunities and challenges to anti-cancer therapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The interaction between farrerol and calf thymus DNA in a pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer was investigated with the use of neutral red (NR) dye as a spectral probe by UV–vis absorption, fluorescence, and ...circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, as well as viscosity measurements and DNA melting techniques. It was found that farrerol molecules could intercalate into the base pairs of DNA as evidenced by decreases in iodide quenching effect and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) quenching effect, induced CD spectral changes, and significant increases in relative viscosity and denaturation temperature of DNA. Furthermore, the spectral data matrix of the competitive reaction between farrerol and NR with DNA was resolved with an alternative least-squares (ALS) algorithm, and the concentration profiles in the reaction and the corresponding pure spectra for three species (farrerol, NR, and DNA–NR complex) were obtained. This ALS analysis demonstrated the intercalation of farrerol to the DNA by substituting for NR in the DNA–NR complex. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) were calculated to be −16.49 ± 0.51 kJ mol–1 and 32.47 ± 1.02 J mol–1 K–1 via the van’t Hoff equation, which suggested that the binding of farrerol to DNA was driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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