The classroom environment plays a potentially important role in shaping the emotions and behavior of adolescents. However, few studies have focused on this factor. The aim of this study was to ...explore the association between the classroom environment and emotional and behavioral problems among Chinese adolescents while also considering personality-and family-related factors.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in November and December, 2009. A set of questionnaires, including the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), the Family Environment Scale (FES), the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression Scale (CES-D), were distributed to participants. A total of 5,433 Chinese adolescent students (aged 9-18) and 244 classroom teachers in Liaoning Province were ultimately included in the study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to explore the factors associated with emotional and behavioral problems.
Multilevel analyses revealed that adolescent emotional and behavioral problems significantly varied among classrooms. Although personality and family characteristics exerted the greatest influence on adolescents' emotions and behavior at the individual-level, interactions between classroom teachers and students increasingly affected adolescents with respect to age at the class-level. A mild positive association was found between adolescents' mental health problems and the mental health of teachers.
This study focused on the classroom environment in order to understand Chinese adolescent mental health problems, the findings of which highlight important implications for policymakers and educators. The results underscore the importance of establishing a comfortable classroom climate by improving teacher-student interactions and meeting specific needs at different school stages, thus promoting a climate of positive mental health among Chinese adolescents.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Increasing the density of Fe–N4 sites in Fe–N–C materials is pivotal for enhancing the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Fe utilization ...is a vital parameter for the Fe–N–C catalyst evaluation, but it shows a tendency to decrease with increasing density of the Fe–N4 sites. Herein, dense edge Fe–N2+2 sites are deposited in the outermost and subsurface layers of a surface-rich pyridinic-N carbon substrate (Feg–NC/Phen). We have demonstrated that the surface-rich pyridinic-N carbon substrate is more favorable to form surface Fe–N2+2 sites with superior intrinsic activity. The surface Fe–N4 sites can improve both the site density and Fe utilization, while shortening the transport pathways of protons and O2 effectively. By means of these structural advantages, Feg–NC/Phen can exhibit a high current density of 0.046 A cm−2@0.9 ViR-free and a high peak power density (Pmax) of 1.53 W cm−2 in 2 bar H2–O2 PEMFCs, and outperform almost all the reported M–N–C catalysts. This outstanding performance will inspire relevant research in the distribution of active sites. Moreover, it requires particular attention to obtain a viable solution to performance durability in fuel cells.
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging biofabrication technology, driving many innovations and opening new avenues in regenerative therapeutics. The aim of 3D bioprinting is to fabricate ...grafts
in vitro,
which can then be implanted
in vivo
. However, the tissue culture ex vivo carries safety risks and thereby complicated manufacturing equipment and practice are required for tissues to be implanted in the humans. The implantation of printed tissues also adds complexities due to the difficulty in maintaining the structural integrity of fabricated constructs. To tackle this challenge, the concept of
in situ
3D bioprinting has been suggested in which tissues are directly printed at the site of injury or defect. Such approach could be combined with cells freshly isolated from patients to produce custom-made grafts that resemble target tissue and fit precisely to target defects. Moreover, the natural cellular microenvironment in the body can be harnessed for tissue maturation resulting in the tissue regeneration and repair. Here, we discuss literature reports on
in situ
3D printing and we describe future directions and challenges for
in situ
3D bioprinting. We expect that this novel technology would find great attention in different biomedical fields in near future.
A photoconversion efficiency of 1.83 % was observed for a photodevice based on ZnO nanowires sensitized with CdTe quantum dots (QDs; see picture; FTO=F‐doped SnO2), which is more than 200 % greater ...than that of pristine ZnO nanowires. The presence of CdTe QDs on the surface of ZnO nanowires was confirmed by HRTEM and elemental mapping.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Spinibarbus hollandi is an economically important fish species in southern China. This fish is known to have nutritional and medicinal properties; however, its farming is limited by its slow growth ...rate. In the present study, we observed that a compensatory growth phenomenon could be induced by adequate refeeding following 7 days of fasting in S. hollandi. To understand the starvation response and compensatory growth mechanisms in this fish, the muscle transcriptomes of S. hollandi under control, fasting, and refeeding conditions were profiled using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
More than 4.45 × 10
quality-filtered 150-base-pair Illumina reads were obtained from all nine muscle samples. De novo assemblies yielded a total of 156,735 unigenes, among which 142,918 (91.18%) could be annotated in at least one available database. After 7 days of fasting, 2422 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 1510 up-regulated genes and 912 down-regulated genes. Genes involved in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism were significantly up-regulated, and genes associated with the cell cycle, DNA replication, and immune and cellular structures were inhibited during fasting. After refeeding, 84 up-regulated genes and 16 down-regulated genes were identified. Many genes encoding the components of myofibers were significantly up-regulated. Histological analysis of muscle verified the important role of muscle hypertrophy in compensatory growth.
In the present work, we reported the transcriptome profiles of S. hollandi muscle under different conditions. During fasting, the genes involved in the mobilization of stored energy were up-regulated, while the genes associated with growth were down-regulated. After refeeding, muscle hypertrophy contributed to the recovery of growth. The results of this study may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the starvation response and compensatory growth.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Lithium-ion (Li+) batteries suffer from problems caused by the chemical instability of their organic electrolytes. Solid-state electrolytes that exhibit high ionic conductivities and are stable to ...lithium metal are potential replacements for flammable organic electrolytes. Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 is a promising solid-state electrolyte for next-generation solid-state Li batteries. In this study, we prepared mono-, dual-, and ternary-doped lithium (Li) garnets by doping tantalum (Ta), tantalum–barium (Ta–Ba), and tantalum–barium–gallium (Ta–Ba–Ga) ions, along with an undoped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) cubic garnet electrolyte, using a conventional solid-state reaction method. The effect of multi-ion doping on the Li+ dynamics in the garnet-type LLZO was studied by combining joint Rietveld refinement against X-ray diffraction and high-resolution neutron powder diffraction analyses with the results of Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and multinuclear magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results revealed that Li+ occupancy in the tetrahedrally coordinated site (24d) increased with increased multi-ion doping in LLZO, whereas Li+ occupancy in the octahedrally coordinated site (96h) remained constant. Among the investigated compounds, the ternary-doped garnet structure Li6.65Ga0.05La2.95Ba0.05Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LGLBZTO) exhibited the highest total ionic conductivity of 0.72 and 1.24 mS cm−1 at room temperature and 60 °C, respectively. Overall, our findings revealed that the dense microstructure and increased Li+ occupancy in the tetrahedral-24dLi1 site played a key role in achieving the maximum room-temperature Li-ion conductivity in the ternary-doped LGLBZTO garnet, and that the prepared ternary-doped LGLBZTO was a potential solid electrolyte for Li-ion batteries without polymer adhesion.
The chemistry of lanthanides (Ln=La–Lu) is dominated by the low‐valent +3 or +2 oxidation state because of the chemical inertness of the valence 4f electrons. The highest known oxidation state of the ...whole lanthanide series is +4 for Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, and Dy. We report the formation of the lanthanide oxide species PrO4 and PrO2+ complexes in the gas phase and in a solid noble‐gas matrix. Combined infrared spectroscopic and advanced quantum chemistry studies show that these species have the unprecedented PrV oxidation state, thus demonstrating that the pentavalent state is viable for lanthanide elements in a suitable coordination environment.
Very im‐Pr‐essive: Infrared spectroscopic studies and quantum chemical calculations show that PrO4 and PrO2+ oxide species involve the unprecedented PrV oxidation state. In the gas phase, species such as (PrO)+(O2)n and (PrO2)+(O2)n (n=1–7), which contain the linear PrO2+ ion, are formed. These studies demonstrate that the pentavalent state is viable for lanthanide elements in a suitable coordination environment.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
SUMMARY
Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) causes severe wheat viral disease in Asia. However, the viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) encoded by WYMV has not been identified. Here, the P1 protein ...encoded by WYMV RNA2 was shown to suppress RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutagenesis assays revealed that the alanine substitution mutant G175A of P1 abolished VSR activity and mutant Y10A VSR activity remained only in younger leaves. P1, but not G175A, interacted with gene silencing‐related protein, N. benthamiana calmodulin‐like protein (NbCaM), and calmodulin‐binding transcription activator 3 (NbCAMTA3), and Y10A interacted with NbCAMTA3 only. Competitive Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co‐immunoprecipitation assays showed that the ability of P1 disturbing the interaction between NbCaM and NbCAMTA3 was stronger than Y10A, Y10A was stronger than G175A. In vitro transcript inoculation of infectious WYMV clones further demonstrated that VSR‐defective mutants G175A and Y10A reduced WYMV infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), G175A had a more significant effect on virus accumulation in upper leaves of wheat than Y10A. Moreover, RNA silencing, temperature, and autophagy have significant effects on the accumulation of P1 in N. benthamiana. Taken together, WYMV P1 acts as VSR by interfering with calmodulin‐associated antiviral RNAi defense to facilitate virus infection in wheat, which has provided clear insights into the function of P1 in the process of WYMV infection.
Significance Statement
This study reveals that the wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) P1 acts as VSR by interfering with calmodulin‐associated antiviral RNAi defense and facilitates virus infection in wheat. Results of our research provide clear insights and solutions for further understanding the role of P1 in process of WYMV infection.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The nature and extent of the highest oxidation state (HOS) in solid-state actinide compounds are still unexplored compared with those of small molecules, and there is burgeoning interest in studying ...the actinide-ligand bonding nature in the condensed state. A comprehensive understanding of the electronic structure and unraveling the possibility of a HOS are of paramount importance in solid-state actinide chemistry. Here, we report the physical OS of the early to middle actinides (Th → Cm) in solid-state compounds via a more rigorous quantum mechanical definition of OS under the DFT+U theoretical frameworks for the first time. This work implies that the highest physical OS of the Pu solid ion is PuV in PuO2F and PuOF4, which can be achieved via tuning the ligand, thus improving our knowledge of oxidation states and chemical bonding in high OS solid-state compounds. We highlight the importance of ligand design in terms of the actinide HOS, employing a highly electronegative ligand and showing the capacity to form multiple bonds.
Abstract Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve tau pathology. Tau is detectable in blood, but its clearance from neuronal cells and the brain is poorly ...understood. Methods Tau efflux from the brain to the blood was evaluated by administering radioactively labeled and unlabeled tau intracerebroventricularly in wild-type and tau knock-out mice, respectively. Central nervous system (CNS)–derived tau in L1CAM-containing exosomes was further characterized extensively in human plasma, including by single molecule array technology with 303 subjects. Results The efflux of Tau, including a fraction via CNS-derived L1CAM exosomes, was observed in mice. In human plasma, tau was explicitly identified within L1CAM exosomes. In contrast to AD patients, L1CAM exosomal tau was significantly higher in PD patients than controls and correlated with cerebrospinal fluid tau. Conclusions Tau is readily transported from the brain to the blood. The mechanisms of CNS tau efflux are likely different between AD and PD.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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