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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop with substantial medicinal and economic value. However, the methods for constructing safflower core germplasm resources are limited, and the ... molecular mechanisms of lipid biosynthesis in safflower seeds are not well understood. In this study, 11 oil-related quantitative traits and 50 pairs of InDel markers were used to assess the diversity of a collection of 605 safflower germplasms. The original safflower germplasm exhibited rich phenotypic diversity, with high variation for most of the phenotypic traits under investigation. Similarly, high genetic diversity was evaluated in the original germplasm, in which the mean Shannon's information index (I), observed heterozygosity (H ), and expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.553, 0.182, and 0.374, respectively. Four subgroups with strong genetic structures were identified and a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed, which is well represented in the original germplasm. Meanwhile, differential expression analysis of the transcriptomes of high and low linoleic acid safflower varieties at two stages of seed development identified a total of 47 genes associated with lipid biosynthesis. High expression of the genes KAS II and SAD enhanced the synthesis and accumulation of oleic acid, while FAD genes like FAD2 (Chr8G0104100), FAD3, FAD7 and FAD8 promoted the consumption of oleic acid conversion. The coordinated regulation of these multiple genes ensures the high accumulation of oleic acid in safflower seed oil. Based on these findings, a core germplasm of 214 cultivars was constructed and 47 candidate genes related to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid accumulation were identified. These results not only provide guidance for further studies to elucidate the molecular basis of oil lipid accumulation in safflower seeds, but also contribute to safflower cultivar improvements. more

Safflower is a valuable medicinal plant due to its diverse flavonoids, known as safflower yellow (SY) and safflower red (SR) pigments, which are popular in the fields of medicine, food and natural ... dyes. The main pharmacological ingredient in safflower is SY pigment, which is a kind of water-soluble flavonoid, such as hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA). In contrast, SR pigment mainly contains carthamin, which is sparingly soluble in water and has a historic reputation as a red colorant. These flavonoids from both SY and SR pigments belong to C-glucosylquinochalcones and their derivatives, which only exist in safflower. Over the past few decades, genetics, molecular biology and multi-omics strategies have been used to study flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. However, there has not been a comprehensive summary of the application and molecular progress of safflower flavonoid biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the various applications of safflower in medicine, natural dyes, and food, as well as the molecular regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. We also propose future research directions on safflower flavonoids. This work aims to provide an objective national and international review of literature on the application and biosynthetic regulation of safflower flavonoids. more

Safflower ( L.) is a domesticated species with a long history of cultivation and widespread distribution across the globe, and light plays an important role in controlling its distribution boundary. ... Flowers from safflower have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because of their ability to improve cerebral blood flow. Flavonoids are the main active compounds in safflower and have many pharmacological effects. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between different light intensities and flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers cultivated in greenhouse. The transcriptome of safflower flowers grown under different light intensities were sequenced through BGISEQ-500 platform. After assembled and filtered, Unigenes were annotated by aligning with seven functional databases. Differential expression analysis of two samples was performed with the DEseq2 package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related with flavonoids biosynthesis were analyzed by Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Flavonoids accumulation in flowers were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometer. Transcriptome analysis of safflower flowers cultivated under different light intensities was performed. A total of 99.16 Gb data were obtained, and 78,179 Unigenes were annotated. Among the DEGs, 13 genes were related to flavonoid biosynthesis. The differential expressions of seven key genes were confirmed by RT-PCR. In addition, the levels of some flavonoids were measured in safflower flowers grown under different light intensities. gene expression showed a significantly negative correlation with kaempferol content in safflower grown under different light intensities. Our results strongly suggested that the reduction in light intensity in a suitable range promoted flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower flowers. We suggest that the expressions of genes played an important role in flavonoid accumulation in safflower flowers. Our study lays a foundation for further research on the effects of light on flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. more

Abstract Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is widely cultivated around the world for its seeds and flowers. The presence of linoleic acid (LA) in its seeds and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) in its ... flowers are the crucial traits that enable safflower to be used for industrial and medicinal purposes. Understanding the genetic control of these traits is essential for optimizing the quality of safflower and its breeding. To further this research, we present a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of the safflower variety ‘Chuanhonghua 1’, which was achieved using an integrated strategy combining Illumina, Oxford Nanopore, and Hi-C sequencing. We obtained a 1.17-Gb assembly with a contig N50 of 1.08 Mb, and all assembled sequences were assigned to 12 pseudochromosomes. Safflower’s evolution involved the core eudicot γ-triplication event and a whole-genome duplication event, which led to large-scale genomic rearrangements. Extensive genomic shuffling has occurred since the divergence of the ancestor of dicotyledons. We conducted metabolite and transcriptome profiles with time- and part-dependent changes and screened candidate genes that significantly contribute to seed lipid biosynthesis. We also analyzed key gene families that participate in LA and HSYA biosynthesis. Additionally, we re-sequenced 220 safflower lines and carried out a genome-wide association study using high-quality SNP data for eight agronomic traits. We identified SNPs related to important traits in safflower. Besides, the candidate gene HH_034464 (CtCGT1) was shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of HSYA. Overall, we provide a high-quality reference genome and elucidate the genetic basis of LA and HSYA biosynthesis in safflower. This vast amount of data will benefit further research for functional gene mining and breeding in safflower. more

本研究以大麻嫩叶为材料,以改进的SDS法,提取了高质量的大麻基因组DNA,经过酶切、连接、预扩增、选择性扩增、银染等试验条件的优化,建立了AFLP反应体系。研究结果表明：在常规的SDS提取液里加入8μL/mLβ-巯基乙醇（V/V）和3%PVP（M/V）能够提取到高质量的适用于AFLP的基因组DNA;选取150ng大麻基因组DNA来进行酶切,EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ各0.5U,在37℃酶切4h,即可完全酶切。最优的选择性扩增体系为20μL反应体系中含有1.0U Taq DNA polymerase、1.0μL25mmol/L Mg2＋、0.4μL10mmol/LdNTPs、50ng/μL引物各1.0μL、4.0μL稀释50倍的预扩增产物及2μL10×PCR Buffer;使用该方法,获得了清晰、稳定的图谱并筛选到了18对多态性较好的AFLP引物组合。著者文摘 In this study,we used the leaves of hemp as test material,isolated high quality genomic DNA from them by using modified method of SDS,and established the optimized AFLP（amplified fragment length polymorphism） reaction system through optimization of several important factors in DNA restriction reaction,ligation reaction,pre-amplification,selective amplification and silver-staining. The results indicated that high quality genomic DNA extracted by routine SDS extracting solution added 8 μL/mL β-mercaptoethanol（V/V） and 3% PVP-40（M/V） was suitable for AFLP analysis in hemp. In enzyme digestion,150 ng genomic DNA could be fully digested

The gas–liquid phase mass transfer coefficient of entrained flow reactor is studied in the paper. The liquid solvent is atomized into the entrained flow reactor after going through a type of pressure ... nozzle used in the experiment. The isometric decompression technique is used to investigate the mass transfer coefficient of the entrained flow reactor in seven different gas–liquid systems. The effect on mass transfer coefficient of Re and We number of droplet is sufficiently discussed. A mass transfer coefficient correlation model is proposed and the parameters in the model are obtained by nonlinear regression method. The residual shows that the model values are in good agreement with the experiment values. more

A process feasibility analysis on the liquid phase methanol synthesis (LPMeOHTM) process was performed in a recirculation slurry reactor (RSR). In the three‐phase RSR system, a fine catalyst is ... slurried in the paraffin and this catalyst slurry is continuously recirculated through the nozzle from the slurry sector to the entrained sector by a pump. The syngas is fed concurrently with the downward flow of slurry to form the methanol product. A laboratory scale mini‐pilot plant version of a recirculation slurry reactor system was successfully designed and built to carry out process engineering research, and in addition, an identical cold model was built to measure the mass transfer coefficient in the recirculation slurry reactor. The effects of operating conditions, including temperature, pressure, gas flow rate and catalyst slurry recirculation flow rate on the productivity of methanol were studied. This experimental data helps the scale‐up and commercialization of the methanol synthesis process in recirculation slurry reactors. A recirculation slurry reactor system is built to carry out methanol synthesis research. The mass transfer coefficient in the recirculation slurry reactor is measured in a cold model. The optimum temperature, pressure along with gas and slurry recirculation flow rates for increased mass transfer, are determined for the methanol synthesis. more