Spinal sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder associated with a loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risks of fractures and falls. In addition, spinal sarcopenia has been ...associated with lumbar spine disorders and osteoporosis, which renders making decisions on treatment modalities difficult. Patients with spinal sarcopenia typically exhibit lower cumulative survival, a higher risk of in-hospital complications, prolonged hospital stays, higher postoperative costs, and higher rates of blood transfusion after thoracolumbar spine surgery. Several studies have focused on the relationships between spinal sarcopenia, appendicular muscle mass, and bone-related problems-such as osteoporotic fractures and low bone mineral density-and malnutrition and vitamin D deficiency. Although several techniques are available for measuring sarcopenia, each of them has its advantages and shortcomings. For treating spinal sarcopenia, nutrition, physical therapy, and medication have been proven to be effective; regenerative therapeutic options seem to be promising owing to their repair and regeneration potential. Therefore, in this narrative review, we summarize the characteristics, detection methodologies, and treatment options for spinal sarcopenia, as well as its role in spinal disorders.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
To investigate the risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, self-inflicted injury, and mortality after adult violence from 2000 to 2015 in Taiwan.
This ...study used data from National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) on outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits for two million people enrolled in the National Health Insurance (NHI) from 2000 to 2015. The case study defined ICD-9 diagnosis code N code 995.8 (abused adult) or E code E960-E969 (homicide and intentional injury of another). It analyzed first-time violence in adults aged 18-64 years (study group). 1:4 ratio was matched with injury and non-violent patients (control group). The paired variables were sex, age (± 1 year), pre-exposure to the Charlson comorbidity index, and year of medical treatment. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 and Cox regression for data analysis.
In total, 8,726 individuals experienced violence (case group) while34,904 did not experienced violence (control group) over 15 years. The prevalence of poor prognosis among victims of violence was 25.4/10
, 31.3/10
, 10.5/10,
and 104.6/10
for schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide or self-inflicted injury and mortality, respectively. Among adults, the risks of suicide or self-inflicted injury, schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, and mortality after exposure to violence (average 9 years) were 6.87-, 5.63-, 4.10-, and 2.50-times (p < 0.01), respectively, compared with those without violence. Among males, the risks were 5.66-, 3.85-, 3.59- and 2.51-times higher, respectively, than those without violence (p < 0.01), and they were 21.93-, 5.57-, 4.60- and 2.46-times higher than those without violence (p < 0.01) among females.
The risk of poor prognosis regarding schizophrenic disorders, psychotic disorders, suicide, or self-inflicted injury and mortality after adult violence was higher than in those who have not experienced a violent injury. Adults at the highest risk for violent suicide or self-inflicted injuries due to exposure to violent injuries -males were at risk for schizophrenia and females were at risk for suicide or self-inflicted injuries. Therefore, it is necessary for social workers and medical personnel to pay attention to the psychological status of victims of violence.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Vacuum‐sublimed inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite thin films are prepared and integrated in all‐vacuum‐deposited solar cells. Special care is taken to determine the stoichiometric balance of ...the sublimation precursors, which has great influence on the device performance. The mixed halide devices exhibit exceptional stabilized power conversion efficiency (11.8%) and promising thermal and long‐term stabilities.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Currently, high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells are mainly fabricated by the spin‐coating process, which limits the possibility of commercial mass‐production of perovskite solar cells. In this ...work, the slot‐die coating process is combined with near‐infrared irradiation heating to quickly manufacture perovskite solar cells in air. The composition of the perovskite precursor solution is tuned by adding n‐butanol, with its low boiling point and low surface tension, to increase the near‐infrared energy absorption, facilitate the evaporation of the solvent system and film formation, and accelerate the crystallization of perovskite. High‐quality uniform perovskite film can be prepared within 18 s. Moreover, the all slot‐die coating process is demonstrated to prepare over an area of 12 cm × 12 cm, four layers of uniform film overlay on top of each other for the devices except electrode in ambient air. A power conversion efficiency of ≈11% is achieved when this all slot‐die coated film is used to fabricate device. This facile process can greatly reduce the cost, time and bypass post‐annealing to fabricate high‐efficiency large‐area perovskite solar cells in ambient air.
An industry compatible slot‐die coating process combined with near‐infrared irradiation heating enables rapid manufacture of large‐area and uniform perovskite solar cells in air. The highest power conversion efficiency for a device, which is fabricated using the slot‐die coated four layer, is nearly 11%.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•New fast and fully automatic bone marrow WSI analysis without manual intervention•Identify cells of the most abundant 16 types•Achieve high recall and accuracy greater than 0.9•Provide clinical ...insights of the potential applications of the proposed method•High-speed performance of bone marrow WSI analysis in seconds
Bone marrow (BM) examination is an essential step in both diagnosing and managing numerous hematologic disorders. BM nucleated differential count (NDC) analysis, as part of BM examination, holds the most fundamental and crucial information. However, there are many challenges to perform automated BM NDC analysis on whole-slide images (WSIs), including large dimensions of data to process, complicated cell types with subtle differences. To the authors best knowledge, this is the first study on fully automatic BM NDC using WSIs with 40x objective magnification, which can replace traditional manual counting relying on light microscopy via oil-immersion 100x objective lens with a total 1000x magnification. In this study, we develop an efficient and fully automatic hierarchical deep learning framework for BM NDC WSI analysis in seconds. The proposed hierarchical framework consists of (1) a deep learning model for rapid localization of BM particles and cellular trails generating regions of interest (ROI) for further analysis, (2) a patch-based deep learning model for cell identification of 16 cell types, including megakaryocytes, mitotic cells, and four stages of erythroblasts which have not been demonstrated in previous studies before, and (3) a fast stitching model for integrating patch-based results and producing final outputs. In evaluation, the proposed method is firstly tested on a dataset with a total of 12,426 annotated cells using cross validation, achieving high recall and accuracy of 0.905 ± 0.078 and 0.989 ± 0.006, respectively, and taking only 44 seconds to perform BM NDC analysis for a WSI. To further examine the generalizability of our model, we conduct an evaluation on the second independent dataset with a total of 3005 cells, and the results show that the proposed method also obtains high recall and accuracy of 0.842 and 0.988, respectively. In comparison with the existing small-image-based benchmark methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior performance in recall, accuracy and computational time.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The novel growth of cesium lead halide perovskite thin films, which are prepared through thousand‐layer rapid alternative deposition, is performed by developing an active perovskite film consisting ...of a layer‐by‐layer structure. This method is considerably more difficult to be implemented from the solution process. The obtained thin film morphology and characteristics are distinguished from that of the traditional a few layers and two‐material codeposition. These alternative deposited perovskites are integrated with vacuum‐deposited carrier‐transporting layers and electrodes, and all vacuum‐sublimed perovskite solar cells exhibit an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 13.0%. The use of these devices for environmental light energy harvesting provides a power conversion efficiency of 33.9% under fluorescent light illumination of 1000 lux.
Rapid alternative deposition provides new approaches for Cs‐based perovskite fabrication. The thousand‐layer CsPbI2Br thin films obtained through this method exhibit a smooth surface and high crystallinity, and the solar cell devices deliver excellent performance under both 1‐sun solar and fluorescent light illumination.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a mixture of various carbon (C) compounds with different stability, which can be distinctly affected by the priming effect (PE). However, little is known about ...how the PE changes with SOC stability.
We address this issue by combining results from two experiments and a metaanalysis.
We found that the PE increased with the prolongation of soil preincubation, suggesting that higher PE occurred for more stable SOC than for labile SOC. This was further supported by the metaanalysis of 42 observations. There were significant negative relationships between the difference in PE (ΔPE) between labile and more stable SOC and their differences in SOC, microbial biomass C and soil C : N ratio, indicating that soil C availability exerts a vital control on ΔPE.
We conclude that, compared with labile SOC, stable SOC can be more vulnerable to priming once microbes are provided with exogenous C substrates. This high vulnerability of stable SOC to priming warrants more attention in future studies on SOC cycling and global change.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The crystal phase influences the electrochemical activity of electrode materials. In particular, mixed phases contain metal ions with different oxidation states which enable conductivity and enhance ...the electrochemical activity. Moreover, 2D nanomaterials enhance the adsorption of target molecules owing to their surface properties. Based on that, the nanocomposite of mixed spinel metal oxide Co, Mn oxides (CMO NPs)/and functionalized boron nitride (f-BN) was prepared first time for the electrochemical sensor applications towards herbicide diuron determination. The CMO NPs/f-BN composite has been confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic analyses such as p-XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM techniques. p-XRD and FTIR analysis proved the formation of mixed spinel of Co, Mn oxides. Interestingly, morphological investigations revealed that CMO NPs formed as an irregular cubic shape with ± 120 nm in size and f-BN existed in lateral flake-like morphology. FT-IR exhibits, that functionalization promotes the transmittance of functional groups (-OH) of h-BN. The CMO NPs/f-BN/GCE exhibits the well-resolved DU oxidation peak in the CV experiments, owing to the synergetic effect between the CMO NPs and well-functionalized f-BN. In addition, CMO NPs/f-BN/GCE exhibits a low detection limit of 13 nM along with a sensitivity of 0.323 μA µM−1 cm−2 between the two linear ranges of 0.01–419 µM and 569–1770 µM. The proposed sensor showed good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability in DPV analysis. The fabricated DU sensor was successfully applied to real sample analysis in environmental water samples with acceptable recovery results, suggesting CMO NPs/f-BN composite as a beneficial electrode material for the determination of DU.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
It is known that a trained restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) on the binary Monte Carlo Ising spin configurations, generates a series of iterative reconstructed spin configurations which ...spontaneously flow and stabilize to the critical point of physical system. Here we construct a variety of neural network (NN) flows using the RBM and (variational) autoencoders, to study the
q
-state Potts and clock models on the square lattice for
q
= 2, 3, 4. The NN are trained on Monte Carlo spin configurations at various temperatures. We find that the trained NN flow does develop a stable point that coincides with critical point of the
q
-state spin models. The behavior of the NN flow is nontrivial and generative, since the training is unsupervised and without any prior knowledge about the critical point and the Hamiltonian of the underlying spin model. Moreover, we find that the convergence of the flow is independent of the types of NNs and spin models, hinting a universal behavior. Our results strengthen the potential applicability of the notion of the NN flow in studying various states of matter and offer additional evidence on the connection with the renormalization group flow.
This retrospective cohort study is to investigate the association between herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections and dementia, and the effects of anti-herpetic medications on the risk involved, using ...Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We enrolled a total of 33,448 subjects, and identified 8362 with newly diagnosed HSV infections and 25,086 randomly selected sex- and age-matched controls without HSV infections in a ratio of 1:3, selected from January 1, to December 31, 2000. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the risk of developing dementia in the HSV cohort. This analysis revealed an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.564 (95% CI: 2.351-2.795,
P
< 0.001) for the development of dementia in the HSV-infected cohort relative to the non-HSV cohort. Thus, patients with HSV infections may have a 2.56-fold increased risk of developing dementia. A risk reduction of dementia development in patients affected by HSV infections was found upon treatment with anti-herpetic medications (adjusted HR = 0.092 95% CI 0.079-0.108,
P
< 0.001). The usage of anti-herpetic medications in the treatment of HSV infections was associated with a decreased risk of dementia. These findings could be a signal to clinicians caring for patients with HSV infections. Further research is, therefore, necessary to explore the underlying mechanism(s) of these associations.
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