In comparison to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 appears to be more contagious 1, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients demonstrate varied clinical ...manifestations distinct from those seen in patients with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections 2. Collective results from the clinical and epidemiological observations suggest a distinct viral–host interaction in COVID-19 patients. Profiling of the antibody response during SARS-CoV-2 infection may help improve our understanding of the viral–host interaction and the immunopathological mechanisms of the disease.
Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 showed an early response of IgA, instead of IgM, in COVID-19 patients. As highlighted by this study, enhanced IgA responses observed in severe COVID-19 might confer damaging effects in severe COVID-19.
https://bit.ly/3fA7c1I
Taiwan is situated less than 200 kilometers from the first COVID‐19 outbreak state, China, and it has millions of international visitors yearly. Taiwan's collective efforts to block and eliminate the ...invisible enemy (COVID‐19) from the island have resulted in relatively low infection and death numbers and have been hailed as a successful anomaly amid the global pandemic. This review provides some background on the systems and organizations that helped Taiwan streamline a task force (command center) in a timely manner to launch related initiatives, mobilize the public, and engage private resources to implement strategies and policies that were further enhanced by collaborative behaviors and volunteers. Even subject to threatening conditions such as cruise ship stopover and numerous foreign immigrant workers, there were no outbreaks of community infection in Taiwan similar to those in Singapore, Japan, and other countries. Taiwan's successful measures offer a good example for future comparative studies.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Electricity-driven water splitting can facilitate the storage of electrical energy in the form of hydrogen gas. As a half-reaction of electricity-driven water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction ...(OER) is the major bottleneck due to the sluggish kinetics of this four-electron transfer reaction. Developing low-cost and robust OER catalysts is critical to solving this efficiency problem in water splitting. The catalyst design has to be built based on the fundamental understanding of the OER mechanism and the origin of the reaction overpotential. In this article, we summarize the recent progress in understanding OER mechanisms, which include the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and lattice-oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM) from both theoretical and experimental aspects. We start with the discussion on the AEM and its linked scaling relations among various reaction intermediates. The strategies to reduce overpotential based on the AEM and its derived descriptors are then introduced. To further reduce the OER overpotential, it is necessary to break the scaling relation of HOO* and HO* intermediates in conventional AEM to go beyond the activity limitation of the volcano relationship. Strategies such as stabilization of HOO*, proton acceptor functionality, and switching the OER pathway to LOM are discussed. The remaining questions on the OER and related perspectives are also presented at the end.
The fundamentals related to the oxygen evolution reaction and catalyst design are summarized and discussed.
The application of platinum supported on polytetrafluoroethylene (Pt/PTFE) as a composite catalyst for the separation of hydrogen isotopes holds much promise but warrants further refinement for ...improved performance. The objective of the present study was to examine the performance of a new hydrophobic Pt/PTFE catalyst during hydrogen-water exchange-based deuterium separation. The influence of diverse factors such as flow rate, column height, temperature, the volume ratio of filler to catalyst, and flow mode (co-current or counter-current), and so on, on catalytic performance was investigated. The deuterium conversion rate from co-current exchange was superior to that from counter-current exchange. Decreasing the hydrogen flow rate, increasing the feed water flow rate, and decreasing the molar flow ratio of hydrogen to water improved the deuterium conversion rate. In terms of layered filling of the catalyst column, adding more hydrophilic fillers improved the deuterium conversion rate. The characterization results highlight the high catalytic activity of the Pt/PTFE catalyst for hydrogen-water exchange, as well as its high stability in water.
•The performance of Pt/PTFE fabricated by simple compression molding was assessed.•The diverse factors significantly affected the separation efficiency of Pt/PTFE.•The Pt/PTFE was highly active and highly stable for liquid phase catalytic exchange.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are the two most important reactions in rechargeable metal‐air battery, a promising technology to meet the energy requirements for ...various applications. The development of low‐cost, highly efficient and stable bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts is critical for a large‐scale application of this technology. In this review, the authors first introduce the fundamentals of bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysis in alkaline electrolyte. Various types of nanostructured materials as bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts including metal oxide, hydroxide and sulfide, functional carbon material, metal, and their composites are then reviewed. The crucial factors that can be used to tune the activity of the catalyst towards ORR/OER are summarized, including (1) phase, morphology, crystal facet, defect, mixed‐metal and strain engineering for metal oxide; (2) heteroatom doping, topological defects, and formation of metal‐N‐C structure for carbon material; (3) alloy effect for metal. These experiences lay the foundation for large scale application of metal‐air battery and can also effectively guide the rational design of catalysts for other electrocatalytic reactions.
Recent progress on the design and synthesis of bifunctional oxygen reduction/evolution electrocatalysts used in alkaline electrolyte is reviewed. Various types of nanostructured catalysts including metal oxide, hydroxide and sulfide, functional carbon material, metal, and their composites, are presented. The crucial factors determining the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance are also summarized.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Lifestyle modification is the standard of care for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a short‐term lifestyle modification program in the ...disease course of Taiwanese nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients with paired biopsies. All patients received a 6‐month, strict multidisciplinary program of lifestyle modifications led by physicians, dieticians, and nursing staff. The histopathological and clinical features were assessed. The endpoints were normalization of transaminase levels, metabolic parameters, a decrease in the NAFLD activity score (NAS) ≥1, and a decrease in the fibrosis stage ≥1. We also aimed to elucidate the predictors associated with disease progression. A total of 37 patients with biopsy‐proven NASH were enrolled. The normalization of transaminase levels increased from 0% to 13.5%. There were also significantly increased proportions of patients with normal total cholesterol, triglyceride, and hemoglobin A1c levels. Fifteen (40.5%) patients had an increased NAS ≥1, whereas 10 (27.0%) patients had NAS regression. Twelve (32.4%) patients had increased fibrosis ≥1 stage. Only 2 (5.4%) patients experienced fibrosis regression. A high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level was associated with NAS progression. Older age and higher transaminase and FPG levels were factors associated with fibrosis progression. Seven (18.9%) patients achieved a body weight reduction >3%, and 4 (57.1%) of them experienced NAS regression. No significant effect of weight reduction on the progression of fibrosis was observed. The short‐term lifestyle modification program significantly decreased liver enzymes and metabolic parameters in NASH patients. A more precise or intensive program may be needed for fibrosis improvement.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) technology is of interest in the context of electrocatalytic hydrogen generation from renewable energies. It has the benefits of immediate ...response, higher proton conductivity, lower ohmic losses, and gas crossover rate. One key step toward to large‐scale application, is the development of highly efficient, durable, and compatible anodic oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acidic media to decrease the usage of expensive and scarce precious metals. Within this scenario, an in‐depth understanding of oxygen evolution reaction mechanisms including the adsorption evolution mechanism and lattice oxygen evolution mechanism is first provided to aid development of innovative materials and elucidate the origin of catalyst degradation. Second, recent progress in the development of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid media is reviewed with an emphasis on the underlying structure–performance relationships. Third, the current application status and research progress in PEMWEs along with representative examples are discussed. Last, the remaining challenges and promising insights are proposed to inspire future studies on the development of hydrogen production technology from renewable energy.
This timeline demonstrates major developments in the application and theory for water electrolysis since its discovery. Vigorous development implies that water electrolysis promises to be a major force to promote the realization of clean energy production in human society. The accelerating pace of technological theory updates calls for timely and comprehensive reviews for both fundamental scientific research and practical applications.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The conversion, storage, and utilization of renewable energy have all become more important than ever before as a response to ever‐growing energy and environment concerns. The performance of ...energy‐related technologies strongly relies on the structure and property of the material used. The earth‐abundant family of tungsten oxides (WOx≤3) receives considerable attention in photocatalysis, electrochemistry, and phototherapy due to their highly tunable structures and unique physicochemical properties. Great breakthroughs have been made in enhancing the optical absorption, charge separation, redox capability, and electrical conductivity of WOx≤3 through control of the composition, crystal structure, morphology, and construction of composite structures with other materials, which significantly promotes the efficiency of processes and devices based on this material. Herein, the properties and synthesis of WOx≤3 family are reviewed, and then their energy‐related applications are highlighted, including solar‐light‐driven water splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollutant removal, electrochromism, supercapacitors, lithium batteries, solar and fuel cells, non‐volatile memory devices, gas sensors, and cancer therapy, from the aspect of function‐oriented structure design and control.
Recent breakthroughs on structure control and modification of the WOx≤3 family for energy‐related applications are summarized, including for solar‐light‐driven water splitting, CO2 reduction, pollutant removal, electrochromism, supercapacitors, lithium batteries, solar and fuel cells, non‐volatile memory devices, gas sensors, and cancer therapy, from the aspects of function‐oriented structure design and control.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The past several decades have witnessed significant advances in the synthesis and applications of PIEZOelectric semiconductors, an important class of materials, including piezoelectric, pyroelectric, ...and ferroelectric semiconductors. The intriguing combination of physical and chemical phenomena in PIEZOelectric semiconductors has triggered much interest in PIEZOcatalysis, that is, catalysis enabled by PIEZOpotential (i.e., piezopotential, pyropotential, and ferropotential)‐induced built‐in electric fields, which is the focus of this Minireview. First, the PIEZOelectric materials are briefly introduced. Second, recent developments in PIEZOcatalysis are highlighted, including the introduction of representative PIEZOelectric semiconductors, their possible catalytic mechanisms, novel techniques to produce their PIEZOelectric effects during the catalytic process, and several examples of PIEZOcatalysis. Finally, the challenges in the field and exciting opportunities to further improve the PIEZOcatalytic efficiency are discussed.
Piezo de résistance: This Minireview summarizes recent advances in PIEZOelectric‐semiconductor‐enabled PIEZOcatalysis resulting from PIEZOpotential (i.e., piezopotential, pyropotential, and ferropotential)‐induced built‐in electric fields. The challenges in this field and various opportunities for further improvement in the PIEZOcatalytic efficiency are also discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Developing efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction is crucial in realizing practical energy systems for sustainable fuel production and energy storage from ...renewable energy sources. However, the inherent linear scaling relation for most catalytic materials imposes a theoretical overpotential ceiling, limiting the development of efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, using modeled Na
x
Mn
3
O
7
materials, we report an effective strategy to construct better oxygen evolution electrocatalyst through tuning both lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation via alkali metal ion mediation. Specifically, the number of Na
+
is linked with lattice oxygen reactivity, which is determined by the number of oxygen hole in oxygen lone-pair states formed by native Mn vacancies, governing the barrier symmetry between O–H bond cleavage and O–O bond formation. On the other hand, the presence of Na
+
could have specific noncovalent interaction with pendant oxygen in *OOH to overcome the limitation from linear scaling relation, reducing the overpotential ceiling. Combining in situ spectroscopy-based characterization with first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that an intermediate level of Na
+
mediation (NaMn
3
O
7
) exhibits the optimum oxygen evolution activity. This work provides a new rational recipe to develop highly efficient catalyst towards water oxidation or other oxidative reactions through tuning lattice oxygen reactivity and scaling relation.
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