Abstract
The
Meloidogyne enterolobii
effector MeTCTP is a member of the translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) family, involved in
M. enterolobii
parasitism. In this study, we found that ...MeTCTP forms homodimers and, in this form, binds calcium ions (Ca
2+
). At the same time, Ca
2+
could induce homodimerization of MeTCTP. We further identified that MeTCTP inhibits the increase of cytosolic free Ca
2+
concentration (Ca
2+
cyt
) in plant cells and suppresses plant immune responses. This includes suppression of reactive oxygen species burst and cell necrosis, further promoting
M. enterolobii
parasitism. Our results have elucidated that the effector MeTCTP can directly target Ca
2+
by its homodimeric form and prevent Ca
2+
cyt
rise in plant roots, revealing a novel mechanism utilized by plant pathogens to suppress plant immunity.
SUMMARY STATEMENT
The
Meloidogyne enterolobii
effector MeTCTP directly binds Ca
2+
, probably by its homodimeric form, and prevents cytosolic free Ca
2+
concentration rises in plant roots, leading to the suppression of host innate immunity including reactive oxygen species burst and cell necrosis.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Plant‐parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an ...effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02‐transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP‐1‐induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA‐Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM‐domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA‐responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) level in Mj2G02‐transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA‐Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA‐responsive genes.
The effector Mj2G02 from Meloidogyne javanica reduces JA‐Ile and promotes JAZ proteins to repress JA‐responsive genes and impair the plant immunity.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This document is a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of cognitive training interventions on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms.
A ...systematic literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase from the inception of each database to April 28, 2022. Data were analyzed using Stata 15 software. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using five domains from the Cochrane Collaborations tool.
A total of 10 studies with 446 children with ADHD were included. The results showed that cognitive training was effective in improving attention symptoms SMD= -0.78 (95% CI: -1.46, -0.1) and executive function SMD = -0.3 (95% CI: -0.56, -0.05) in children with ADHD compared to controls. No significant difference in the degree of improvement in hyperactivity/impulsivity with cognitive training compared to the control group SMD = -0.65 (95% CI: -1.35, 0.05). In addition, subgroup analyses also found that cognitive training significantly improved attention in children with ADHD <10 years of age SMD = -1.3 (95% CI: -2.58, -0.02) and children with ADHD with length of training >30 days SMD = -0.94 (95% CI: -1.81, -0.07) compared to controls.
This meta-analysis found that the beneficial effects of cognitive training on attention (particularly for children with ADHD <10 years old and >30 days of training) and executive function in children with ADHD, but not on hyperactivity/impulsivity.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Indomethacin, as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is widely used in the clinic. However, it can cause severe injury to the gastrointestinal tract and the incidence is increasing. It has ...become an essential clinical problem in preventing intestinal damage. Teprenone has been reported to have a significant positive effect on intestinal mucosal lesions, but long-term use of teprenone can elicit adverse reactions. WeiNaiAn capsule is a traditional Chinese medicine formulation used widely in the treatment of gastric and duodenal mucosal injury. However, how WeiNaiAn protects against intestinal mucosal injury and its mechanism of action are not known. In this study, WeiNaiAn capsule or Teprenone treatment improved the intestinal mucosal pathological score and antioxidant level in indomethacin-induced rats. 16 S rRNA sequence data showed WeiNaiAn capsule reverted the structure community and replenished the beneficial bacteria. Furthermore, fingerprint analysis revealed multiple components of WeiNaiAn capsule, including calycosin glucoside, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, taurocholic acid sodium, formonetin, and calycosin glucoside. The components of WeiNaiAn capsule promoted the wound healing of the epithelial cell in vitro. Moreover, the components of WeiNaiAn capsule inhibited the protein expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase /protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin in hydrogen peroxide or lipopolysaccharides-induced cell model. In conclusion, WeiNaiAn capsule improves intestinal mucosal injury by regulating cell migration, enhancing antioxidant activity, and promoting the structure of the bacterial community homeostasis, the multiple targets provide the parameters for the treatment in the clinic.
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•WNA capsule ameliorates the intestinal mucosal injury in indomethacin-induced rats.•WNA capsule adjusts intestinal flora in indomethacin-induced rats.•The components of WNA capsule inhibit the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in IEC-6 cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Variation of DNA conformation is important in regulating gene expression and mediating drug‐DNA interactions. However, directly probing transient DNA conformation changes is challenging owing to the ...dynamic nature of this process. We show a label‐free fluorescence method to monitor transient DNA conformation changes in DNA structures with various lengths and shapes using a DNA intercalator, K21. K21 can form transient excimers on the surface of DNA; the ratiometric emission of monomer and excimer correlate to DNA transient conformation stability in numerous DNA structures, including i‐motifs, G‐quadruplex structures, and single nucleotide mutation at random position. We analyzed the conformation dynamics of a single plasmid before and after enzyme digestion with confocal fluorescence microscopy. This method provides a label‐free fluorescence strategy to probe transient conformation changes of DNA structures and has potential in uncovering transient genomic processes in living cells.
A DNA intercalator, K21, can form transient excimers on the surface of DNA. The ratiometric emission of monomer and excimer was strongly correlated to DNA transient conformation stability. The K21 excimer can probe transient DNA conformation changes in DNA structures with various length and shape. This label‐free method can also probe the transient conformation change in single plasmid under supercoiled and open‐circular states.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Jiawei Huoxiang Zhengqi Pill (JHZP) is a commonly used Chinese patent medicine for the clinical treatment of headache, dizziness, chest tightness as well as abdominal distension, and pain caused by ...wind‐cold flu. In this study, a comprehensive strategy combining ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC‐DAD) fingerprinting and multi‐component quantitative analysis was established and validated for quality evaluation of JHZP. A total of 49 characteristic common peaks were selected in a chromatographic fingerprinting study to assess the similarity of 15 batches of JHZP. Furthermore, 109 compounds were identified or preliminarily identified from JHZP by coupling with an advanced hybrid linear ion trap‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer. For quantification, the optimized ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method was employed for the simultaneous determination of 13 target compounds within 12 min. The sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method were satisfactory. This validated UPLC‐MS/MS method was successfully applied to analyzing 15 batches of JHZP. The proposed comprehensive strategy combining UHPLC‐DAD fingerprinting and multi‐component UPLC‐MS/MS analysis proved to be highly efficient, accurate, and reliable for the quality evaluation of JHZP, which can be considered as a reference for the overall quality evaluation of other Chinese herbal formulations.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
He-Chan Pian (HCP), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, shows promising efficacy for the treatment of lung cancer.
Gremlin (GREM1) plays an important role in gastrointestinal tumor metastasis; ...however, little is known about its role in lung cancer. We determined the mechanism underlying the protective effect of HCP against metastasis in a mouse model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and demonstrated the role of GREM1.
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was used to analyze the herbal components and metabolites from the serum of HCP-treated mice. The tumor, liver, and kidney were examined histologically, and the antitumor effects and toxicity of HCP were evaluated. Levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated transcription factors were measured using western blotting in tumors from five groups (i.e., model, HCP L, HCP M, HCP H, and positive control cisplatin, DDP). Differentially expressed proteins and genes were identified using protein chip and sequencing analyzes, respectively. Short hairpin RNAs and overexpression plasmids were introduced into cells to evaluate the effects of GREM1. To evaluate proliferation, migration, and invasion, the expression levels of proteins involved in the Rap1 pathway and EMT were measured in vitro. Xenograft tumors with overexpression-GREM1 (OE-GREM1) in A549 cells were examined for cell proliferation. A dual-luciferase assay was performed to verify the direct interaction of GREM1 with miR-205-5p in lung cancer.
Thirty-six ingredients and bioactive constituents detected in the serum of HCP-treated mice were identified as the key compounds involved in the inhibition of tumor growth. Animal experiments revealed that HCP significantly decreased tumor volumes and had no adverse effects on the liver or kidney or side effects. GREM1 upregulation was closely related to tumor metastasis and was regulated by miR-205-5p, as confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. OE-GREM1 promoted A549 cell migration and invasion, promoted EMT, and increased the expression of Rap1 pathway intermediaries, whereas shGREM1 had the opposite effects. Furthermore, the effects of OE-GREM1 on proliferation in the A549 xenograft mouse model were attenuated, although HCP has an inhibitory effect on tumors.
Our results suggest that HCP contributes to the inhibition of NSCLC metastasis via the Gremlin/Rap1 signaling pathway regulated by miR-205-5p.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The evolution of Chinese language has three main features: the total number of characters is gradually increasing, new words are generated in the existing characters, and some old words are no longer ...used in daily-life language. Based on the features, we propose an evolving language network model. Finally, we use this model to simulate the character co-occurrence networks (nodes are characters, and two characters are connected by an edge if they are adjacent to each other) constructed from essays in 11 different periods of China, and find that characters that appear with high frequency in old words are likely to be reused when new words are formed.
•An evolving language network model is proposed.•The model includes adding nodes and edges as well as rewiring and deleting edges.•Interesting phenomena are found in fitting the networks in 11 different periods of China.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The strawberry crimp nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is a serious pathogen of ornamental crops and an important quarantine object in approximately 50 countries and regions including China. One ...nematode population within the genus Aphelenchoides was discovered from diseased leaves of fuchsia plants (Fuchsia × hybrid Voss.) in Chengdu city, Sichuan province of China. Morphological and morphometric data were obtained using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. After detailed examination, the species was identified as A. fragariae. Three rDNA sequences of this species, including partial rRNA small subunit, D2-D3 expansion domains of the rRNA large subunit and internal transcribed spacer, were amplified and sequenced. Bayesian trees inferred from these three rDNA sequences were constructed, revealing that this species is placed in a high support monophyletic clade with A. fragariae but clearly separated from all other Aphelenchoides species. Moreover, host-suitability tests showed that the Aphelenchoides population not only can harm and reproduce in F. hybrid, but also in Fragaria ananassa and Pteris vittata (two common hosts of A. fragariae). In conclusion, the study confirmed A. fragariae identity of the nematode from F. hybrid in Chengdu city based on morphology, molecular analysis and host-suitability tests. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular and morphological confirmation of A. fragariae in China, and F. hybrid was first discovered to be attacked by A. fragariae.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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