Medical blogs have become valuable information sources for patients and caregivers. Most research has focused on patients' creation of blogs as therapy. But we know less about how these blogs affect ...their readers and what format of information influences readers to take preventative health actions.
This study aimed to identify how reading patient medical blogs influences readers' perceived health risk and their intentions to engage in preventative health actions. Further, we aimed to examine the format of the medical blog and the reader's response.
We surveyed 99 university participants and a general-population, online panel of 167 participants. Both studies randomly assigned participants to conditions and measured blog evaluation, intentions for preventative health action, and evaluation of health risk and beliefs, and allowed open-ended comments. The second study used a different sample and added a control condition. A third study used a convenience sample of blog readers to evaluate the link between reading medical blogs and taking preventative health action.
Across 3 studies, participants indicated a desire to take future preventative health action after reading patient blogs. Studies 1 and 2 used experimental scenario-based designs, while Study 3 employed a qualitative design with real blog readers. The 2 experimental studies showed that the type of blog impacted intentions to engage in future preventative health actions (Study 1: F
=6.08, P=.003; Study 2: F
=2.59, P=.06), with a statistical blog being most effective in both studies and a personal narrative blog showing similar effectiveness in Study 2, contrary to some prior research. The readers' perceptions of their own health risk did not impact the relationship between the blog type and health intentions. In contrast, in one study, participants' judgments about the barriers they might face to accessing care improved the fit of the model (F
=13.57, P<.001). In Study 3's sample of medical blog readers, 53% (24/45) reported taking preventative health action after reading a health blog, including performing a self-check, asking a doctor about their health risk, or requesting a screening test. Additionally, these readers expressed that they read the blogs to follow the author (patient) and to learn general health information. All studies demonstrated the blogs were somewhat sad and emotional but also informative and well-written. They noted that the blogs made them appreciate life more and motivated them to consider taking some action regarding their health.
Reading patient blogs influences intentions to take future health actions. However, blog formats show different efficacy, and the readers' disease risk perceptions do not. Physicians, medical practitioners, and health organizations may find it useful to curate or promote selected medical blogs to influence patient behavior.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We explore the use of text message reminders to improve student performance. The effectiveness of text messaging reminders is examined by comparing two large sections of a course where students ...focused on personal branding. One section received deadline reminders by email, while the other section received opt-in text reminders. The results of the study provide empirical support that text reminders are positively related to assignments turned in on time, perceived task mastery orientation, perceived confidence with course material, and overall performance in the class. In addition, a description of how the text service can be employed in a marketing course is provided.
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Technology and media have created skill needs that modern educators are compelled to address to stay relevant. As a result, an emerging educational tool in marketing and media courses is the ...integration of third-party certifications that give students an industry credential for current topics or media platforms (i.e., Google, HubSpot, Hootsuite, etc.). To understand the diffusion of these certifications among educators, how they are being integrated, and current perceptions of their effectiveness, we conducted a cross-disciplinary survey of 122 college faculty who teach digital marketing and media topics. Findings revealed that certifications enjoy high awareness, with a small number receiving higher adoption rates. Users report a variety of benefits to themselves and students, along with some challenges. We also identify sources of major perception gaps between users and nonusers. These findings suggest that certifications are a permanent course fixture and are perceived as directly contributing to job and career readiness. An understanding of current perceptions and practices can guide educators in improving their use of certifications as well as industry partners looking to facilitate adoption and positive educator experiences.
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Recent calls to the academy challenge marketing educators to prepare new graduates for a complex, high-stakes marketing environment driven by technology. We explore the value of utilizing readily ...available marketing technology (martech) learning platforms as a means to stimulate preparedness for new careers or career advancement. Specifically, we explore the potential of using Salesforce Trailhead digital badges as a learning platform. We discuss how faculty can develop a Trailmix for their classes based on their specific learning outcomes. Next, we test the efficacy and student outcomes of using a marketing technology–focused digital badge learning platform.
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Primary age‐related tauopathy (PART) is generally considered a diagnosis of the elderly. In this letter, the authors present data showing that the pathologic changes of PART can occur in the general ...autopsy population significantly earlier than largely reported in the recent literature, particularly in woman.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This book focuses on building and maintaining brand community in the emerging, dynamic space of social media. A theoretical model encompassing brand characteristics, relational factors, and ...characteristics of the brand user community is used as a structure to explain the various aspects of online brand communities. Furthermore, the authors discuss how online brand communities differ from and can be used to complement traditional, face-to-face brand communities. Brand managers, social media managers, and other members of the brand team will find this book useful for strategic decision-making in both building and maintaining brand communities. In addition, this book will serve as a practical guide for working professionals enrolled in executive education degree programs as these programs continue to be developed in universities throughout the world.
Background – Interleukin‐31 (IL‐31) is a member of the gp130/interleukin‐6 cytokine family that is produced by cell types such as T helper 2 lymphocytes and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen positive ...skin homing T cells. When overexpressed in transgenic mice, IL‐31 induces severe pruritus, alopecia and skin lesions. In humans, IL‐31 serum levels correlate with the severity of atopic dermatitis in adults and children.
Hypothesis/Objective – To determine the role of IL‐31 in canine pruritus and naturally occurring canine atopic dermatitis (AD).
Animals – Purpose‐bred beagle dogs were used for laboratory studies. Serum samples were obtained from laboratory animals, nondiseased client‐owned dogs and client‐owned dogs diagnosed with naturally occurring AD.
Methods – Purpose‐bred beagle dogs were administered canine interleukin‐31 (cIL‐31) via several routes (intravenous, subcutaneous or intradermal), and pruritic behaviour was observed/quantified via video monitoring. Quantitative immunoassay techniques were employed to measure serum levels of cIL‐31 in dogs.
Results – Injection of cIL‐31 into laboratory beagle dogs caused transient episodes of pruritic behaviour regardless of the route of administration. When evaluated over a 2 h period, dogs receiving cIL‐31 exhibited a significant increase in pruritic behaviour compared with dogs that received placebo. In addition, cIL‐31 levels were detectable in 57% of dogs with naturally occurring AD (≥13 pg/mL) but were below limits of quantification (<13 pg/mL) in normal, nondiseased laboratory or client‐owned animals.
Conclusions – Canine IL‐31 induced pruritic behaviours in dogs. Canine IL‐31 was detected in the majority of dogs with naturally occurring AD, suggesting that this cytokine may play an important role in pruritic allergic skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, in this species.
Résumé
Contexte – L’interleukine‐31 (IL‐31) est un membre de la famille des cytokines interleukine‐6/gp130 qui est produit par des types cellulaires comme les lymphocytes T helper 2 et les cellules T cutanée lymphocytaire CLA positives (cutaneous lymphocyte antigen). Lorsque surexprimés chez des souris transgéniques, IL‐31 provoque un prurit sévère, de l’alopécie et des lésions cutanées. Chez l’homme, les taux d’IL‐31 sériques sont en corrélation avec la sévérité de la dermatite atopique chez les adultes et les enfants.
Hypothèse/Objective – Déterminer le rôle de l’IL‐31 dans le prurit canin et la dermatite atopique canine naturelle (AD).
Animaux – Des chiens beagles ont été utilisés pour des études en laboratoire. Des échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés sur des animaux de laboratoire, sur des chiens sains et naturellement atopiques de clients.
Méthodes – Des beagles de laboratoire ont reçu de interleukine‐31 canine (ILc‐31) par plusieurs voies (intraveineuse, sous‐cutanée ou intradermique) et leur prurit a été quantifié/observé par vidéo surveillance. Les techniques quantitatives d’immunomarquage ont été utilisées pour mesurer les concentrations sériques de l’ILc ‐31 chez les chiens.
Résultats – L’injection d’ILc‐31 aux beagles de laboratoire a causé des épisodes transitoires de prurit quelque soit la voie d’administration. Lorsqu’évalué sur une période de 2 h, le prurit a augmenté de façon significative chez les chiens recevant de l’ILc ‐31 comparé aux chiens recevant un placebo. En outre, les niveaux de ILc ‐31 étaient décelables pour 57 % des chiens naturellement atopiques (≥13 pg/mL) mais en dessous des limites de quantification (<13 pg/mL) chez les chiens sains de laboratoire ou appartenant à des clients.
Conclusions – L’IL‐31 canine induit du prurit chez les chiens. L’IL‐31 canine a été détectée dans la majorité des chiens naturellement atopiques, suggérant que cette cytokine peut jouer un rôle important dans les dermatoses prurigineuses allergiques comme la dermatite atopique chez cette espèce.
Resumen
Introducción – la interleuquina 31 (IL‐31) es un miembro de la familia de citoquinas gp130/IL‐6 que se producen en células tales como los linfocitos T‐2 ayudantes y linfocitos T cutáneos estimulados antigénicamente con tropismo cutáneo. Cuando esta interleuquina se expresa en exceso en ratones transgénicos induce prurito severo, alopecia y lesiones de la piel. En humanos, los niveles en suero de la IL‐31 están correlacionados con la severidad de la dermatitis atópica en adultos y niños.
Hipótesis/Objetivos – determinar el papel de la IL‐31 en el desarrollo del prurito canino y en dermatitis atópica espontánea (AD).
Animales – Se utilizaron perros de laboratorio de raza Beagle para los estudios laboratoriales. Se obtuvieron muestras de suero de los animales de laboratorio, de animales de propietarios particulares sin enfermedad, y de animales de propietarios particulares con AD espontánea.
Métodos – se administro IL‐31 a perros de laboratorio de raza Beagle por varias rutas (intravenosa, subcutánea, intradérmica) y se observó el comportamiento indicativo de prurito, cuantificándolo mediante observación en grabaciones de video. Se utilizaron técnicas cuantitativas de inmunoensayo para medir los niveles de cIL‐31 en el suero de los perros.
Resultados – la inyección de IL‐31 a los perros Beagle de laboratorio produjo episodios transitorios de comportamiento indicativo de prurito, independientemente de la vía de administración. Cuando se evaluaron durante un periodo de 2 horas, los perros que recibieron IL‐31 presentaron un incremento perceptible de comportamiento indicativo de prurito en comparación con los animales a los que se administró placebo. Además hubo niveles detectables de cIL‐31 en un 57% de perros con AD espontánea (≥13 pg/ml), pero estuvieron por debajo de los niveles de detección (<13 pg/ml) en perros normales de laboratorio o sin enfermedad de propietarios particulares.
Conclusiones – la IL‐31 canina induce comportamiento indicativo de prurito en perros. La IL‐31 se detectó en el suero en la mayoría de los animales con AD espontánea, lo que sugiere que esta citoquina puede tener un papel importante en procesos alérgicos pruriginosos de la piel, tales como la dermatitis atópica, en esta especie.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund – Interleukin‐31 (IL‐31) ist Teil der gp130/Interleukin‐6 Zytokinfamilie, welche von Zelltypen wie den T Helfer2 Lymphozyten und „skin homing“ T Zellen, die das kutane Lymphozytenantigen exprimieren, produziert werden. Wenn es in transgenen Mäusen überexprimiert wird, verursacht IL‐31 hochgradigen Juckreiz, Alopezie und Hautveränderungen. Beim Menschen korrelieren die Werte von IL‐31 im Serum mit dem Schweregrad der atopischen Dermatitis bei Erwachsenen und Kindern.
Hypothese/Ziele – Die Rolle von IL‐31 beim Juckreiz des Hundes und bei natürlich vorkommender atopischer Dermatitis des Hundes (AD) zu bestimmen.
Tiere – Es wurden für diesen Zweck gezüchtete Beagles für die Laborstudien verwendet. Es wurden Serumproben von den Labortieren, sowie von Privathunden ohne Krankheit und von Privathunden mit der Diagnose einer natürlich auftretenden AD entnommen.
Methoden – Den für diesen Zweck gezüchteten Beagles wurde canines Interleukin‐31 (cIL‐31) auf unterschiedlichem Wege (intravenös, subkutan oder intradermal) verabreicht, auftretender Juckreiz wurde beobachtet bzw. quantitativ mittels Videoaufzeichnung beurteilt. Es wurden quantitative Immunassays verwendet, um die Werte von cIL‐31 im Blut von Hunden zu messen.
Ergebnisse – Eine Injektion von cIL‐31 bei den Beagles aus dem Labor verursachte unabhängig von der Route der Administration vorübergehende Episoden von Juckreiz. Während einer 2 stündigen Zeitspanne zeigten Hunde, die cIL‐31 erhalten hatten, einen signifikanten Anstieg des Juckreizes im Vergleich zu Hunden, die ein Plazebo erhalten hatten. Zusätzlich waren cIL‐31 Werte bei 57% der Hunde mit natürlich auftretender AD (≥13 pg/mL) feststellbar, lagen aber bei normalen, bei gesunden Laborhunden oder bei privaten Tieren unter der quantitativen Nachweisgrenze (<13 pg/mL).
Schlussfolgerungen – Canines IL‐31 verursachte bei Hunden Juckreiz. Canines IL‐31 wurde bei der Mehrheit der Hunde mit natürlich auftretender AD festgestellt, was darauf hinweist, dass diese Zytokine möglicherweise eine wichtige Rolle bei juckenden allergischen Hauterkrankungen, wie zum Beispiel bei der atopischen Dermatitis dieser Spezies, spielen könnten.
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Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with increased levels of allergen-specific IgE due to hyper-sensitization to environmental allergens. Intradermal testing (IDT) and allergen-specific IgE ...serology testing are often used to determine the allergens which elicit an IgE response in animals with a diagnosis of AD. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oclacitinib on IDT and allergen-specific IgE serology testing using a laboratory model of house-dust mite sensitized Beagle dogs. Twenty-four (24) normal, healthy purpose-bred Beagle dogs were sensitized to house dust mites (HDM, Dermatophagoides farinae) and randomly assigned to placebo-, oclacitinib- (0.4 mg/kg/dose PO), or prednisolone-treated (0.5 mg/kg/dose PO) groups. After 14 days of twice daily dosing, the effects of prednisolone and oclacitinib were compared to placebo using baseline and post-dose IDT and allergen-specific IgE serum measurements. Sensitized dogs had increased circulating HDM-specific IgE for at least two weeks post-sensitization. Prednisolone significantly inhibited the measurable sensitivity of IDT, while oclacitinib did not. Neither prednisolone nor oclacitinib imposed significant effects on allergen-specific IgE serum levels, suggesting oclacitinib may have potential to be used in dogs concurrently undergoing intradermal skin testing and/or allergen-specific IgE serology testing without interference with test results.
•Oclacitinib given at 0.4 mg/kg/dose twice daily for 14 days neither inhibits allergen-specific IgE serology nor intradermal test responses when compared to placebo.•Prednisolone given at 0.5 mg/kg/dose twice daily for 14 days significantly reduces the intradermal testing response using serial dilutions of the sensitizing allergen.•Dogs with atopic dermatitis can remain on oclacitinib treatment for relief of clinical symptoms while undergoing serology or intradermal testing to identify allergens for avoidance or inclusion in allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
10.
Brand choice via incidental social media exposure Humphrey Jr, William F.; Laverie, Debra A.; Rinaldo, Shannon B.
Journal of research in interactive marketing,
01/2017, Volume:
11, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Purpose
The paper seeks to establish the effectiveness of social media advertising and participation by brands through incidental exposure. Using experimental design, in a social media environment, ...this paper aims to extend incidental exposure research in the context of social media.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper uses an experimental design with controlled image durations using MediaLab and DirectRT, allowing for precise image display times and randomization of screens. Participants were split between high-involvement and low-involvement product categories, and the brand choice exercise was administered in an on-screen experiment.
Findings
The paper provides support that incidental exposure influences brand choice. Further, it indicates that for low-involvement product categories, the type of social media exposure does not influence brand choice significantly between types. For high-involvement product categories, ads perform better than sponsored story executions; consumer-generated brand messages perform better than brand-generated messages; and the influence of reference group affects brand choice.
Research limitations/implications
This paper tests one social media environment using a desktop Web environment. Additional studies would be needed to test other social media environments and mobile technology.
Practical implications
The paper provides evidence that brands benefit by simply participating and advertising in social media, but the execution style matters to a greater extent for high-involvement product categories in influencing brand choice.
Social implications
Mere exposure to a brand message may influence consumers unknowingly. Repeated exposure as short as 5 s per viewing is related to increases in brand choice.
Originality/value
This paper extends research on incidental exposure and establishes a key positive brand outcome for practice and research, and it provides the first exploration on the outcome of incident exposure to brand messages in social media. The results suggest that social media and advertising by brands have positive impacts beyond traditional measures of success online.
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