Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena fulfils the information needs of materials scientists in both industry and academia. The subjects treated in the book are all active research areas, ...forming a major part of at least four regular international conference series. This new third edition ensures the reader has access to the latest findings, essential to those working at the forefront of research in universities and laboratories. For those in industry, the book highlights applications of the research and technologically important examples. In particular, the third edition builds on the significant progress made recently in the following key areas:. Deformed state, including deformation to very large strains. Characterisation of microstructures by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Modelling and simulation of annealing. . Continuous recrystallization.
50% revised and up-to-date, the 3rd edition highlights the significant recent literature results in grain growth in non-crystallizing systems; 3D characterization techniques; Quantitative modeling techniques, with all-new appendices on Texture and Measurements Synthesized, detailed coverage from leading authors bridges the gap between theory and practice by examining the application of quantitative, physically based models to metal forming processes Critical level of synthesis and pedagogy with an authored rather than edited volume
The application of automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope, to the quantitative analysis of grain and subgrain structures is discussed and compared with ...conventional methods of quantitative metallography. It is shown that the technique has reached a state of maturity such that linescans and maps can routinely be obtained and analysed using commercially available equipment and that EBSD in a Field Emission SEM (FEGSEM) allows quantitative analysis of grain/subgrains as small as similar to0.2/ mu m. EBSD can often give more accurate measurements of grain and subgrain size than conventional imaging methods, often in comparable times. Subgrain/cell measurements may be made more easily than in the TEM although the limited angular resolution of EBSD may be problematic in some cases. Additional information available from EBSD and not from conventional microscopy, gives a new dimension to quantitative metallography. Texture and its correlation with grain or subgrain size, shape and position are readily measured. Boundary misorientations, which are readily obtainable from EBSD, enable the distribution of boundary types to be determined and CSL boundaries can be identified and measured. The spatial distribution of Stored Energy in a sample and the amount of Recrystallization may also be measured by EBSD methods. copyright 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A single-phase aluminium alloy (Al–0.1%Mg) and alloys containing large (⩾1 μm) second-phase particles (AA1200 and AA8006), which were deformed by cold rolling have been found to undergo either ...discontinuous or continuous recrystallization on subsequent annealing. It is found that continuous recrystallization occurs in samples in which a critical fraction of high angle boundaries are formed on deformation, and this is shown to be in agreement with a theory of microstructural stability. Continuous recrystallization is found to be promoted by a small initial grain size, large second-phase particles, and large strains. The mechanism of continuous recrystallization is thought to involve the collapse and subsequent coarsening of the lamellar grain structures produced on rolling to large strains.
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•The residents are highly satisfied with the thermal environment.•The comfort temperature has large seasonal differences.•The adaptive model is proposed to estimate the indoor comfort ...temperature.•The adaptive model is highly supported by the various adaptive mechanisms.
In order to quantify the seasonal differences in the comfort temperature and to develop a domestic adaptive model for Japanese dwellings, thermal measurements, a thermal comfort survey, and an occupant behaviour survey were conducted for 4 years in the living and bedrooms of dwellings in the Kanto region of Japan. We have collected 36,114 thermal comfort votes from 244 residents of 120 dwellings. The results show that the residents are highly satisfied with the thermal environment of their dwellings. People are well-adapted to the thermal condition of their dwellings, and thus the comfort temperature has large seasonal differences in free running mode (FR): 9.4 K. An adaptive model for housing was derived from the data to relate the indoor comfort temperature to the prevailing outdoor temperature, and the regression coefficient in the FR mode is notably higher (0.48) than that in office buildings. Such models are useful for the control of indoor temperatures. The adaptive model of thermal comfort is strongly supported by the various adaptive actions reported by the residents.
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Recent developments in instrumentation and software now enable grain structures >0.1 μm to be quantitatively characterised by EBSD in conjunction with a field emission gun scanning electron ...microscope. The paper discusses the advantages and limitations of the technique.
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The origin and development of the adaptive approach to thermal comfort is explained. A number of recent developments in the application of the theory are considered and the origin of the differences ...between adaptive thermal comfort and the ‘rational’ indices is explored. The application of the adaptive approach to thermal comfort standards is considered and recommendations made as to the best comfort temperature, the range of comfortable environments and the maximum rate of change of indoor temperature. The application of criteria of sustainability to thermal standards for buildings is also considered.
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The application of automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope, to the quantitative analysis of grain and subgrain structures is discussed and compared with ...conventional methods of quantitative metallography. It is shown that the technique has reached a state of maturity such that linescans and maps can routinely be obtained and analysed using commercially available equipment and that EBSD in a Field Emission SEM (FEGSEM) allows quantitative analysis of grain/subgrains as small as ∼0.2 μm. EBSD can often give more accurate measurements of grain and subgrain size than conventional imaging methods, often in comparable times. Subgrain/cell measurements may be made more easily than in the TEM although the limited angular resolution of EBSD may be problematic in some cases. Additional information available from EBSD and not from conventional microscopy, gives a new dimension to quantitative metallography. Texture and its correlation with grain or subgrain size, shape and position are readily measured. Boundary misorientations, which are readily obtainable from EBSD, enable the distribution of boundary types to be determined and CSL boundaries can be identified and measured. The spatial distribution of Stored Energy in a sample and the amount of Recrystallization may also be measured by EBSD methods.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The microstructures developed during deformation to large rolling strains in single and two-phase aluminium alloys with a wide range of grain sizes has been investigated, and the major parameters of ...the microstructure determined by high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). It is found that the behaviour of initially fine-grained (<5 μm) alloys is significantly different from that of the large-grained (>50 μm) alloys. In the finer-grained alloys no significant grain fragmentation occurs, and at larger strains, when the spacing of high angle boundaries approaches the crystallite size, a considerable amount of the high angle boundary is removed by a process of dynamic recovery.
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The kinetics and mechanisms of recrystallization in high purity binary Al-Sc alloys have been investigated. In an Al-0.25wt.%Sc alloy, precipitation always precedes recrystallization, which is ...severely inhibited. However, in an Al-0.12wt.%Sc alloy, precipitation is found to either precede, follow or occur concurrently with recrystallization, depending on the processing conditions, and the resultant complex microstructures are interpreted in terms of the interactions between precipitation and recrystallization. Coherent precipitates are found to coarsen and become semi-coherent during the 'passage of low-angle boundaries during recovery. The passage of high-angle boundaries through semi-coherent precipitates during recrystallization occurs by migration of the boundary through the particle, resulting in the precipitates maintaining semi-coherency with the new grain.
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Scanning electron microscopy and high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) have been used to study substructural development during cold rolling of a single-phase Al–0.1 Mg alloy, the ...use of EBSD enabling more detailed quantitative measurements to be made than are possible with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). At low strains, bands of elongated cells, aligned at approximately 35° to rolling direction are formed. As the applied strain was increased, intersecting thinner and more widely spaced bands form within many grains, flow becomes localised within these new bands and they develop into microshear bands, which shear the original elongated cell structures. The changes in the scale of the microstructural features, the development of misorientations of the various types of low angle boundary and the alignment of the features to the rolling plane have been measured as a function of strain. The results are compared with previous TEM investigations of deformed aluminium, and a qualitative model of the microstructural evolution is proposed.
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