The mosquito
is a transmission vector for dangerous epidemic diseases in humans. Insecticides have been used as the most general vector control method in the world. However,
have developed many ...resistant mechanisms such as reduced neuronal sensitivity to insecticides (target-site resistance), enhanced insecticide metabolism (metabolic resistance), altered transport, sequestration, and other mechanisms. It has become a major problem for vector control programs. Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were used to compare transcription levels between a susceptible strain (Bora7) and a resistant strain (KhanhHoa7) collected from the field. A total of 161 million Illumina reads, including 66,076,678 reads from the Bora7 strain and 69,606,654 reads from the KhanhHoa7 strain, were generated and assembled into 11,174 genes. A comparison of the KhanhHoa7 transcriptome to that of Bora7 showed 672 upregulated genes and 488 downregulated genes. We identified the highly upregulated genes: cytochrome P450
,
,
,
,
isoform X2,
,
isoform X2,
,
,
,
, and
; Glutathione S transferase (GST1), UGT1-3, 1-7, 2B15, and 2B37; binding cassette transporter (ABC) transporter F family member 4 and ABC transporter G family member 20. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the expression of the genes such as
(8.3-fold),
(5.9-fold),
(5.4-fold),
(5.4-fold),
(5.2-fold),
(3.5-fold), and ABC transporter 4 (2.1-fold). Our results suggested a potential relationship between the expression of the genes in metabolic processes and insecticide resistance in the studied strain. These results may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in
.
Multi-drug resistance to antibiotics represents a growing challenge in treating infectious diseases. Outside the hospital, bacteria with the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype have an increased ...prevalence in anthropized environments, thus implying that chemical stresses, such as metals, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, etc., are the source of such resistance. There is a developing hypothesis regarding the role of metal contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments as a selective agent in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance caused by the co-selection of antibiotic and metal resistance genes carried by transmissible plasmids and/or associated with transposons. Efflux pumps are also known to be involved in either antibiotic or metal resistance. In order to deal with these situations, microorganisms use an effective strategy that includes a range of expressions based on biochemical and genetic mechanisms. The data from numerous studies suggest that heavy metal contamination could affect the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes. Environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic activities could lead to mutagenesis based on the synergy between antibiotic efficacy and the acquired resistance mechanism under stressors. Moreover, the acquired resistance includes plasmid-encoded specific efflux pumps. Soil microbiomes have been reported as reservoirs of resistance genes that are available for exchange with pathogenic bacteria. Importantly, metal-contaminated soil is a selective agent that proliferates antibiotic resistance through efflux pumps. Thus, the use of multi-drug efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) originating from natural plants or synthetic compounds is a promising approach for restoring the efficacy of existing antibiotics, even though they face a lot of challenges.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Accurate profiling of population‐specific recessive diseases is essential for the design of cost‐effective carrier screening programs. However, minority populations and ethnic groups, including ...Vietnamese, are still underrepresented in existing genetic studies. Here, we reported the first comprehensive study of recessive diseases in the Vietnamese population. Clinical exome sequencing data of 4503 disease‐associated genes obtained from a cohort of 985 Vietnamese individuals was analyzed to identify pathogenic variants, associated diseases and their carrier frequencies in the population. A total of 118 recessive diseases associated with 164 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified, among which 28 diseases had carrier frequencies of at least 1% (1 in 100 individuals). Three diseases were prevalent in the Vietnamese population with carrier frequencies of 2–12 times higher than in the world populations, including beta‐thalassemia (1 in 23), citrin deficiency (1 in 31), and phenylketonuria (1 in 40). Seven novel pathogenic and two likely pathogenic variants associated with nine recessive diseases were discovered. The comprehensive profile of recessive diseases identified in this study enables the design of cost‐effective carrier screening programs specific to the Vietnamese population.
Prevalent recessive diseases in Vietnam.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary In efforts to treat diabetics, foods containing anti‐digestible ingredients are a promising approach. Resistant starch (RS) is one of the prebiotic ingredients that has the ability to resist ...digestion and pass through the colon, reducing fat accumulation. The production of RS from natural ingredients is of interest. The results of producing RS from jackfruit seeds show that the RS content increased from 25.97% to 52.26% by heat‐moisture treatment. After the modification process, the starch granules remained undeformed but exhibited agglomeration and the crystalline structure changed from type A to type C. The thermal properties of the starch were improved (85.16–90.42 °C), and higher gelatinisation temperature, around 2–7 °C. However, its swelling and solubility decreased by 35.32–72.59% and 15.83–79.10%, corresponding.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Zn-S catalyst improves DB22 decolonization and mineralization rate by heterogeneous catalytic ozonation.•Zn, Ca constituents in Zn-S improve OH* generation in heterogeneous catalytic ...ozonation of DB22.•DB22′s mineralization by Zn-S catalytic ozonation was highest in alkaline condition.•Mineralization kinetic of DB22 follows pseudo-first order kinetic model.
This study developed a low cost catalyst, namely, zinc slag (Zn-S) for the ozonation process of Direct Black 22 (DB22) from aqueous solutions. Among five different kind of low cost metal slags including Fe-S, Cu-S, Cd-S, Pb-S and Zn-S, the Zn-S slag was selected as an efficient catalyst in this study. Zn-S contained mainly zinc (Zn) and calcium (Ca) discharged from zinc slag waste in Vietnam. It was found that Zn-S could effectively decolonize and mineralize DB22 through heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. The degradation kinetic of DB22 followed the pseudo-first order model. The best removal efficiency of DB22 (Zn-S/O3/H2O2 (76%) > Zn-S/O3 (69%) > O3/H2O2 (66%) > O3 (55% for COD) occurred at pH 11 for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation processes with Zn-S as the catalyst as well as ozone alone and perozone processes due to fast decomposition of O3 in alkaline solution to generate powerful and non-selective OH radicals. An increase in decolonization and mineralization rate was observed when increasing the Zn-S dosage from 0.125 g/L to 0.75 g/L for Zn-S/O3 and 0.125 g/L to 1.0 g/L for Zn-S/O3/H2O2. The K values of the pseudo-first order model followed the same sequence as mineralization rates of DB22 in term of COD removal. Ca and Zn constituents in the Zn-S catalyst contributed to the increase in O3 decomposition and improvement of reaction rate with H2O2. Subsequently, the degradation of DB22 by the ozonation process with Zn-S catalyst was enhanced through the enrichment mechanism of hydroxyl radicals (*OH) and surface adsorption. The degradation mechanism of DB22 by hydroxyl radicals was surely affirmed by tests with the decrease in degradation percentage of DB22 in case of the presence t-butanol, Cl− and CO32−.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Background
An endotracheal tube cuff pressure between 20 and 30 cmH2O is recommended to prevent ventilator-associated respiratory infection (VARI). We aimed to evaluate whether continuous ...cuff pressure control (CPC) was associated with reduced VARI incidence compared with intermittent CPC.
Methods
We conducted a multicenter open-label randomized controlled trial in intensive care unit (ICU) patients within 24 hours of intubation in Vietnam. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either continuous CPC using an automated electronic device or intermittent CPC using a manually hand-held manometer. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of VARI, evaluated by an independent reviewer blinded to the CPC allocation.
Results
We randomized 600 patients; 597 received the intervention or control and were included in the intention to treat analysis. Compared with intermittent CPC, continuous CPC did not reduce the proportion of patients with at least one episode of VARI (74/296 25% vs 69/301 23%; odds ratio OR 1.13; 95% confidence interval CI .77–1.67. There were no significant differences between continuous and intermittent CPC concerning the proportion of microbiologically confirmed VARI (OR 1.40; 95% CI .94–2.10), the proportion of intubated days without antimicrobials (relative proportion RP 0.99; 95% CI .87–1.12), rate of ICU discharge (cause-specific hazard ratio HR 0.95; 95% CI .78–1.16), cost of ICU stay (difference in transformed mean DTM 0.02; 95% CI −.05 to .08, cost of ICU antimicrobials (DTM 0.02; 95% CI −.25 to .28), cost of hospital stay (DTM 0.02; 95% CI −.04 to .08), and ICU mortality risk (OR 0.96; 95% CI .67–1.38).
Conclusions
Maintaining CPC through an automated electronic device did not reduce VARI incidence.
Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02966392.
The results of this randomised controlled trial demonstrate that continuous endotracheal cuff pressure control using an electronic automated device does not reduce the occurrence of ventilator-associated respiratory infection (VARI) in intubated patients compared with intermittent control.
Unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (22 PAHs and 17 Me-PAHs) were examined in surface sediments collected from the Red River and four inner-city rivers of Hanoi City, ...Vietnam. Concentrations of total PAHs and Me-PAHs ranged from 52 to 920 (median 710) and from 70 to 2600 (median 1000) ng/g dry weight in samples of dry and wet seasons, respectively. Significant correlation was observed between total PAHs and organic carbon contents (Spearman's
ρ
= 0.782;
p
< 0.05). PAHs were more abundant than Me-PAHs in all samples and dominated by 4–6 ring compounds. The most predominant PAHs were benzo
ghi
perylene, benzo
b/j
fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene. Methylated derivatives of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and benz
a
anthracene were frequently detected. The patterns of PAHs indicated principal pyrogenic sources (notably gasoline exhaust) in this highly urbanized area. The occurrence of several PAHs were occasionally associated with adverse effects on benthic organisms of the inner-city rivers.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Glinus oppositifolius is an endemic herbaceous plant found in tropical Asian countries and is native in Vietnam. It is used in traditional folk medicine because of its flavor and antiseptic and ...laxative effects. In the current research, the effects of Tox-off, Biovip, and the purified compounds isolated from G. oppositifolius in the previous study were evaluated on the activation of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in C2C12 myoblasts. In addition, the most potent active compounds, traphanoside-GO1 (TRA-GO1) and TRA-GO5 have validated the reduction of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c in HepG2 cells. We found that Tox-off and Biovip significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in C2C12 myoblasts. Furthermore, TRA-GO1 and TRA-GO5 significantly increased the AMPK activation and phosphorylation of its downstream substrate ACC in a concentration-dependent way compared to the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control. Besides, the protein level of FAS and SREBP-1c decreased by TRA-GO1 and TRA-GO5 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, our results showed that the increased AMPK and ACC phosphorylation by active components of G. oppositifolius may activate the AMPK signaling pathways, which are useful for the anti-obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
In the present study, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly fabrication of silver and gold nanoparticles was performed by using aqueous extract of waste corn-cob. The formation of the metallic ...nanoparticles (MNPs) was optimized by UV–Vis method. The phytoconstituents were responsible for reduction of silver and gold ions to silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (CC-AuNPs) which were demonstrated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy while formation of AgCl was attributed to the presence of chloride ions in the aqueous extract. The crystalline nature of the AgNPs, AgCl, and AuNPs was confirmed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. Morphological studies showed that the synthesized CC-AgNPs existed in spherical shape with the size ranging from 2 to 28 nm possessing an average value of 11 nm while CC-AuNPs were present in the multiple shapes with size ranging from 5 to 50 nm possessing an average value of 35 nm. For studies on bioactive application, the CC-AgNPs exhibited a high antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains including
Salmonella typhimurium
,
Bacillus cereus
, and
Staphylococcus aureus
. In addition, the catalytic efficiency of MNPs was investigated for reduction of
o-
,
m-
,
p-
nitrophenols, and degradation of organic dyes including Eosin Y and Rhodamine 6G. The rate constants calculated from the kinetical data revealed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles are excellent catalysts in potential applications for treatment of wastewater.
Graphical abstract
.
One hundred days after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Vietnam on 23 January, 270 cases were confirmed, with no deaths. We describe the control ...measures used by the government and their relationship with imported and domestically acquired case numbers, with the aim of identifying the measures associated with successful SARS-CoV-2 control.
Clinical and demographic data on the first 270 SARS-CoV-2 infected cases and the timing and nature of government control measures, including numbers of tests and quarantined individuals, were analyzed. Apple and Google mobility data provided proxies for population movement. Serial intervals were calculated from 33 infector-infectee pairs and used to estimate the proportion of presymptomatic transmission events and time-varying reproduction numbers.
A national lockdown was implemented between 1 and 22 April. Around 200 000 people were quarantined and 266 122 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests conducted. Population mobility decreased progressively before lockdown. In total, 60% (163/270) of cases were imported; 43% (89/208) of resolved infections remained asymptomatic for the duration of infection. The serial interval was 3.24 days, and 27.5% (95% confidence interval CI, 15.7%-40.0%) of transmissions occurred presymptomatically. Limited transmission amounted to a maximum reproduction number of 1.15 (95% CI, .·37-2.·36). No community transmission has been detected since 15 April.
Vietnam has controlled SARS-CoV-2 spread through the early introduction of mass communication, meticulous contact tracing with strict quarantine, and international travel restrictions. The value of these interventions is supported by the high proportion of asymptomatic and imported cases, and evidence for substantial presymptomatic transmission.
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