Most studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) and its drivers have focused on individual-and household-level characteristics of the victim. Recent studies have acknowledged that it is a ...community-level phenomenon, using spatial analytical methods to analyze community-level determinants of IPV and its geographic dimensions. Such studies provide mixed evidence on the impact of different factors and need to be supplemented by similar studies—particularly in South Asian countries where IPV is common. The present study examines district-level variations in the incidence of various forms of IPV and identifies its determinants in India, a fast-growing South Asian country with poor gender indicators. The study combines data from the National Family Health Survey, District Level Household Survey, and the decadal Census. It applies spatial analytical methods such as the Global Moran’s I, Getis-ord statistic, and Multivariate Local Geary to determine the nature of the spatial distribution of different categories of IPV. Spatial regression models are used to identify the community-level predictors of each category of IPV. The study finds non-random overlapping spatial clusters in the eastern part of India. The study also finds that neighborhoods characterized by low empowerment levels, and with a high child sex ratio, road connectivity, and proportion of socially marginalized groups are more likely to exhibit high levels of all types of IPV—although the impact of these determinants varies across districts. Furthermore, spill-overs in the incidence of IPV between neighboring districts are also observed. The study concludes by recommending the use of localized policies, rather than broad national or state policies, in reducing IPV.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
A total of 2378 geometrid moth specimens were collected from four districts of Kashmir valley during 2018-2019, which comprised of 39 species belonging to 29 genera, 17 ...tribes and 4 subfamilies. Five species (Abraxas cashmiria sp. nov., Antipercnia pseudoalbinigrata sp. nov., Aspitates pseudogilvaria sp. nov., Chorodna Baramulia sp. nov. and Xenoplia kashmirensis sp. nov.) are reported for the first time from this area. Diversity indices was highest in Baramulla (H´ = 1.452760) lowest in Srinagar (H´=1.273559). Alcis repandata (Linnaeus) was found to be most dominant species (11.02%), while as Callipia vicinaria (Dognin) was found least dominant (0.25%).
Jensen’s inequality is one of the fundamental inequalities which has several applications in almost every field of science. In 2003, Mercer gave a variant of Jensen’s inequality which is known as ...Jensen–Mercer’s inequality. The purpose of this article is to propose new bounds for Csiszár and related divergences by means of Jensen–Mercer’s inequality. Also, we investigate several new bounds for Zipf–Mandelbrot entropy. The idea of this article may further stimulate research on information theory with the help of Jensen–Mercer’s inequality.
Gymnemic acids (a group of triterpenoid saponins) found in
Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. works as the main hypoglycaemic active components. These can be the potential active pharmaceutical ...ingredient (API) to be used by pharmaceutical industries in modern medicines against diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment for enhancement of cell suspension culture biomass and to quantify the production of deacylgymnemic acid, gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid IV and gymnemic acid XVII contents. Callus was obtained from in vitro derived leaves of
G. sylvestre
on MS medium fortified with 3.0 mg/L 2, 4-
d
(2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 1.0 mg/L Kn (Kinetin), and the same were used further to produce cell suspension cultures. Cell suspensions were exposed to different concentrations of SNP (5, 10, 20 and 40 μM) and data were collected at 20, 30 and 40 days. Out of the tested concentrations, 20 μM SNP had the highest level of cell culture growth (398.94 ± 8.32 g/L Fresh cell weight (FCW) and 40.00 ± 0.75 g/L Dry cell weight (DCW) on 40-day as compared to control (MS with 3.0 mg/L 2, 4-
d
+ 1.0 mg/L Kn). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that maximum accumulation of deacylgymnemic acid (5.51 mg/g DCW), gymnemagenin (2.80 mg/g DCW) and gymnemic acid XVII (2.08 mg/g DCW) in 20 μM SNP treatment which is (13.43, 13.86 and17.33 folds) higher than the respective control at 40 days exposure. This research suggests that
G. sylvestre
cell suspension culture with optimal SNP elicitation treatment could be used as a good strategy for the large-scale production of these secondary metabolites at the industrial level.
Key message
This research suggests that
Gymnema sylvestre
cell suspension culture with SNP elicitation treatment could be used as a good strategy for the large-scale production of these secondary metabolites at the industrial level.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Clinical criteria/Family history-based BRCA testing misses a large proportion of BRCA carriers who can benefit from screening/prevention. We estimate the cost-effectiveness of population-based BRCA ...testing in general population women across different countries/health systems. A Markov model comparing the lifetime costs and effects of BRCA1/BRCA2 testing all general population women ≥30 years compared with clinical criteria/FH-based testing. Separate analyses are undertaken for the UK/USA/Netherlands (high-income countries/HIC), China/Brazil (upper–middle income countries/UMIC) and India (low–middle income countries/LMIC) using both health system/payer and societal perspectives. BRCA carriers undergo appropriate screening/prevention interventions to reduce breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risk. Outcomes include OC, BC, and additional heart disease deaths and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Probabilistic/one-way sensitivity analyses evaluate model uncertainty. For the base case, from a societal perspective, we found that population-based BRCA testing is cost-saving in HIC (UK-ICER = $−5639/QALY; USA-ICER = $−4018/QALY; Netherlands-ICER = $−11,433/QALY), and it appears cost-effective in UMIC (China-ICER = $18,066/QALY; Brazil-ICER = $13,579/QALY), but it is not cost-effective in LMIC (India-ICER = $23,031/QALY). From a payer perspective, population-based BRCA testing is highly cost-effective in HIC (UK-ICER = $21,191/QALY, USA-ICER = $16,552/QALY, Netherlands-ICER = $25,215/QALY), and it is cost-effective in UMIC (China-ICER = $23,485/QALY, Brazil−ICER = $20,995/QALY), but it is not cost-effective in LMIC (India-ICER = $32,217/QALY). BRCA testing costs below $172/test (ICER = $19,685/QALY), which makes it cost-effective (from a societal perspective) for LMIC/India. Population-based BRCA testing can prevent an additional 2319 to 2666 BC and 327 to 449 OC cases per million women than the current clinical strategy. Findings suggest that population-based BRCA testing for countries evaluated is extremely cost-effective across HIC/UMIC health systems, is cost-saving for HIC health systems from a societal perspective, and can prevent tens of thousands more BC/OC cases.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Researchers in demography, the labour market and health have observed that North Indian women face greater discrimination than women in other zones. This study examines whether a similar pattern is ...replicated with respect to completion of school education. We find that gender disparities are higher in northern states in rural areas. In urban areas, however, eastern states display greater disparities. This is also confirmed if we control for household traits, community characteristics and the regional context. However, when we decompose the differences in probability of completing school education across gender, the contribution of the control variables is found to be insignificant, relative to that of the coefficient effect (which is sometimes put forward as a measure of discrimination) in both rural and urban areas of Eastern India. The divergence in regional pattern of gender disparity from patterns observed for demographic and health indicators shows that gender discrimination is a complex multilayered phenomenon and the interaction between these layers may assume unexpected forms.
Condition monitoring of power transformers improves the security and reliability of an electrical power system. It protects the transformers from failures, and avoids huge revenue loss to utilities ...and customers. The fault diagnosis of transformers is carried out by concentrations of several dissolved gasses. An accurate fault diagnosis of transformers has been a critical problem for diagnostic experts of transformers. In this article, a novel fuzzy logic model has been proposed to determine the transformer incipient faults. It incorporates the information obtained from dissolved gas analysis test. Further, the proposed model also incorporates conventional fault diagnosis methods viz. Duval Triangle, Doernenburg, Rogers, and IEC ratio code methods. The proposed fuzzy logic models short out the problems occur in the conventional fault diagnosis methods of transformers.
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FFLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Low awareness of BC and its associated risk factors causes delays in diagnosis and impacts survival. It is critical to communicate BC risk to patients in a format that they are easily able to ...understand. Our study aim was to develop easy-to-follow transmedia prototypes to communicate BC risk and evaluate user preferences, alongside exploring awareness of BC and its risk factors.
Prototypes of transmedia tools for risk communication were developed with multidisciplinary input. A qualitative in-depth online interview study was undertaken using a pre-defined topic guide of BC patients (7), their relatives (6), the general public (6), and health professionals (6). Interviews were analyzed using a thematic approach.
Most participants preferred pictographic representations (frequency format) of lifetime risk and risk factors and storytelling using short animations and comic strips (infographics) for communicating genetic risk and testing: "In a short time, they explained it very well, and I liked it". Suggestions included minimizing technical terminology, decreasing the delivery speed, "two-way dialogue", and using local "language for different locations". There was low awareness of BC, with some understanding of age and hereditary risk factors but limited knowledge of reproductive factors.
Our findings support use of multiple context-specific multimedia tools in communicating cancer risk in an easy-to-understand way. The preference for storytelling using animations and infographics is a novel finding and should be more widely explored.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
BackgroundChildhood cancer often involves a long-term engagement of children and their parents with health services. During this journey, communications between professionals, parents and young ...people can be stressful for all the stakeholders. This study explores the communication preferences in paediatric oncology.ObjectivesThe objective of the present exploratory qualitative study was to understand the views of professionals regarding information exchange during cancer treatment of children and complement these findings with clinic-based ethnographic observation of real-life consultations.MethodsUsing qualitative methods, in-depth interviews were conducted with paediatric oncology professionals. The interviews had been audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Alongside in-depth interviews, real-life interactions between parents, professionals and children were observed. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis framework as suggested by Braun and Clark.ResultsPaediatric oncology professionals (n = 14) were interviewed from diverse professional backgrounds that included consultant paediatric oncologists, junior specialist trainees in paediatric oncology, paediatric oncology nurses, social workers, survivor counsellor and psychologists looking after children with cancer. Additionally, clinic-based ethnographic observations (n = 10) of interactions between professionals, parents and young people were also conducted. The following themes emerged from the interviews: a) Information needs of children were very different from adolescents. Children were more worried about ‘here and now’; b) adolescents were, on the other hand, mostly worried about the ‘impact of cancer on their broader life, friendships and academics’; c) parents were curious about the outcome, costs and effectiveness of treatment, and different patterns emerged for mothers and fathers; d) information needs were dynamic and different at the start of the treatment, during treatment, at remission or end of life; e) the journey of the clinicians themselves impacted information-sharing practices; and f) direct observation of consultations highlighted the importance of priming parents before delivery of information, having multiple family members during the conversation and managing intense emotions expressed during the session.ConclusionPaediatric oncology professionals need to be sensitive about the dynamic nature of information needs while interacting with children and parents of children with cancer. The above findings may help tailor the discussions that professionals ought to have with families with a child with cancer. The results may contribute to the understanding as well as to developing training courses on communications in paediatric oncology for low- and middle-income countries.
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