To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with
Tectona grandis
(teak) (
Lamiaceae
) in Thailand. In this study, samples of microfungi were collected from ...both asymptomatic stems and dead wood, and symptomatic branches, stem and leaves of
T. grandis
from 27 sites in six provinces (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Phitsanulok, Phrae and Uttaradit Provinces). Morphology and combined multi-gene phylogeny (CAL, GAPDH, ITS, LSU, RPB2, SSU, TEF1 and TUB) were used to identify taxa. A total of 270 collections, representing 28 fungal species residing in 12 families, 7 orders and 21 genera, with three species of uncertain taxonomic placement were identified. Of these, one family, three genera and 14 species are new to science. The new family,
Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae
is introduced based on its distinct lineage in the Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology as compared to
Roussoellaceae
and
Torulaceae
. The new genera are
Neooccultibambusa
,
Pseudocoleodictyospora
and
Subglobosporium
. The newly described species are
Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum
,
D. tectonendophytica
,
D. tectonae
,
D. tectonigena
,
Hermatomyces tectonae
,
H. thailandica
,
Manoharachariella tectonae
,
Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis
,
Pseudocoleodictyospora sukhothaiensis
,
Ps. tectonae
,
Ps. thailandica
,
Rhytidhysteron tectonae
,
Subglobosporium tectonae
and
Tubeufia tectonae
. Fourteen species are known published taxa including
Alternaria tillandsiae
,
Berkleasmium talaumae
,
Boerlagiomyces macrospora
,
Ceratocladium purpureogriseum
,
Fusarium solani
,
Helicoma siamense
,
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
,
Macrovalsaria megalospora
,
Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum
,
Phaeoacremonium italicum
,
Sphaeropsis eucalypticola
,
Stachybotrys levispora
,
St. renispora
and
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola
. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for
Boerlagiomyces macrospora
and
Macrovalsaria megalospora. Macrovalsaria megalospora
is transferred from
Botryosphaeriaceae
to Dothideomycetes genus,
incertae sedis
based on taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis, which indicate it is distinct from
Botryosphaeriaceae
. All fungal species represent first reports on
T. grandis
in Thailand. New taxa and taxa
incertae sedis
, as well as known taxa which are established as reference specimens or epitypes, are presented with phylogenetic tree analyses, habitat, known distribution, material examined, full descriptions, notes and figures. Information is also provided for known taxa to add to the body of knowledge and to assist those wishing to study fungi occurring on
T. grandis
in future.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Species of
are commonly found in many plant hosts as pathogens, endophytes and occasionally saprobes. Twenty-two
strains were isolated from three
species -
,
and
, as well as three unidentified ...species. The taxa were identified using morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, GAPDH, ACT and ß-tubulin sequence data. This is the first time to identify endophytic fungi from
orchids using the above method. The known species,
,
,
and
were identified as fungal endophytes of
spp., along with the new species,
,
,
,
and
, which are introduced in this paper. One strain is recorded as an unidentified species. Corn meal agar is recommended as a good sporulation medium for
species. This is the first report of fungal endophytes associated with
and
.
,
, and
are new host records for Thailand.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
During our studies on fungal diversity from plant substrates, a new species of Valsaria was isolated from dead branches of Ostrya carpinifolia. The taxon is morphologically similar to other taxa in ...Valsariaceae and is characterized by pseudostromata, apically free pseudoparaphyses, bitunicate asci, and dark brown, 2-celled ascospores. However, it differs from extant species in number of guttules and ornamentation of spore. It is introduced herein as Valsaria ostryae sp. nov. within the family Valsariaceae. Multigene phylogenies based on combined LSU, ITS and RPB2 DNA sequence data generated from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and MrBayes analyses indicate that V. ostryae is basal to V. lopadostomoides and V. rudis and its establishment as a new species is strongly supported. No discordance was found between our morphological and phylogenetic species boundaries as postulated by other researchers and our molecular data strongly supports ornamentation of spore as useful for species delineation. Valsaria species do not appear to be host specific. Full morphological details are provided herein and phylogenetic relationships of Valsaria species are also discussed in light with host association.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Exploration of natural sources for novel bioactive compounds has been an emerging field of medicine over the past decades, providing drugs or lead compounds of considerable therapeutic potential. ...This research has provided exciting evidence on the isolation of microbe-derived metabolites having prospective biological activities. Mushrooms have been valued as traditional sources of natural bioactive compounds for many centuries and have been targeted as promising therapeutic agents. Many novel biologically active compounds have been reported as a result of research on medicinal mushrooms. In this review, we compile the information on bioactive structure-elucidated metabolites from macrofungi discovered over the last decade and highlight their unique chemical diversity and potential benefits to novel drug discovery. The main emphasis is on their anti-Alzheimer, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-viral and hypocholesterolemic activities which are important medicinal targets in terms of drug discovery today. Moreover, the reader’s attention is brought to focus on mushroom products and food supplements available in the market with claimed biological activities and potential human health benefits.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
True fungi (Fungi) and fungus-like organisms (e.g. Mycetozoa, Oomycota) constitute the second largest group of organisms based on global richness estimates, with around 3 million predicted species. ...Compared to plants and animals, fungi have simple body plans with often morphologically and ecologically obscure structures. This poses challenges for accurate and precise identifications. Here we provide a conceptual framework for the identification of fungi, encouraging the approach of integrative (polyphasic) taxonomy for species delimitation, i.e. the combination of genealogy (phylogeny), phenotype (including autecology), and reproductive biology (when feasible). This allows objective evaluation of diagnostic characters, either phenotypic or molecular or both. Verification of identifications is crucial but often neglected. Because of clade-specific evolutionary histories, there is currently no single tool for the identification of fungi, although DNA barcoding using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) remains a first diagnosis, particularly in metabarcoding studies. Secondary DNA barcodes are increasingly implemented for groups where ITS does not provide sufficient precision. Issues of pairwise sequence similarity-based identifications and OTU clustering are discussed, and multiple sequence alignment-based phylogenetic approaches with subsequent verification are recommended as more accurate alternatives. In metabarcoding approaches, the trade-off between speed and accuracy and precision of molecular identifications must be carefully considered. Intragenomic variation of the ITS and other barcoding markers should be properly documented, as phylotype diversity is not necessarily a proxy of species richness. Important strategies to improve molecular identification of fungi are: (1) broadly document intraspecific and intragenomic variation of barcoding markers; (2) substantially expand sequence repositories, focusing on undersampled clades and missing taxa; (3) improve curation of sequence labels in primary repositories and substantially increase the number of sequences based on verified material; (4) link sequence data to digital information of voucher specimens including imagery. In parallel, technological improvements to genome sequencing offer promising alternatives to DNA barcoding in the future. Despite the prevalence of DNA-based fungal taxonomy, phenotype-based approaches remain an important strategy to catalog the global diversity of fungi and establish initial species hypotheses.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sugarcane (
Saccharum officinarum
) is one of the oldest crops cultivated by mankind. Numerous fungal taxa have been reported from this host, although most were not identified beyond genus level. In ...this study, we explored 31 sampling sites in Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces (China), and collected 370 diseased samples from leaves and roots of sugarcane, from which 762 strains were isolated. Our preliminary analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences suggested that these isolates belonged to 143 species in 51 genera, but we could not assign 129 strains.
Bipolaris
,
Chaetomium
,
Curvularia
,
Phoma
and
Nigrospora
represented the top five most common genera identified, while 27 rare genera comprised only one identified species. In this study, we chose above mentioned common genera for in-depth morphological observations and multi-locus analyses, in order to identify these strains to species level. In this paper, we described one new genus, 32 new species, and reported 19 new records for China and the asexual morph of
Chaetomium olivaceum
. Hitherto, this is the most comprehensive study with molecular identification and illustration of fungi associated with sugarcane, which greatly improves our understanding of culturable mycota associated with this host.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Sooty moulds are a remarkable, but poorly understood group of fungi. They coat fruits and leaves superficially with black mycelia, which reduces photosynthesis rates of host plants. Few researchers ...have, however, tried to quantify their economic importance. Sooty moulds have been well-studied at the morphological level, but they are poorly represented in a natural classification based on phylogeny. Representatives are presently known in
Antennulariellaceae
,
Capnodiaceae
,
Chaetothyriaceae
,
Coccodiniaceae
,
Euantennariaceae
,
Metacapnodiaceae
and
Trichomeriaceae
and several miscellaneous genera. However, molecular data is available for only five families. Most sooty mould colonies comprise numerous species and thus it is hard to confirm relationships between genera or sexual and asexual states. Future studies need to obtain single spore isolates of species to test their phylogenetic affinities and linkages between morphs. Next generation sequencing has shown sooty mould colonies to contain many more fungal species than expected, but it is not clear which species are dominant or active in the communities. They are more common in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions and thus their prevalence in temperate regions is likely to increase with global warming. Sooty moulds are rarely parasitized by fungicolous taxa and these may have biocontrol potential. They apparently grow in extreme environments and may be xerophilic. This needs testing as xerophilic taxa may be of interest for industrial applications. Sooty moulds grow on sugars and appear to out-compete typical “weed” fungi and bacteria. They may produce antibiotics for this purpose and their biochemical potential for obtaining novel bioactive compounds for medical application is underexplored.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
18.
Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 Wijayawardene, Nalin N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten ...
Fungal diversity,
2018/1, Volume:
88, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Taxonomic placement of genera have been changing rapidly as taxonomists widely use DNA sequence data in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. It is essential to update existing databases/outlines ...based on recent studies, since these sources are widely used as a foundation for other research. In this outline, we merge both asexual and sexual genera into one outline. The phylum Ascomycota comprises of three subphyla
viz
.
Pezizomycotina
(including 13 classes, 124 orders and 507 families),
Saccharomycotina
(including one class, one order and 13 families) and
Taphrinomycotina
(five classes, five orders and six families). Approximately, 6600 genera have been listed under different taxonomic ranks including auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic ranks.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Species and generic recognition in the order
Xylariales
has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, ...we revise the families
Graphostromataceae
,
Hypoxylaceae
,
Lopadostomataceae
and
Xylariaceae
in
Xylariales
. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in
Graphostromataceae
, 19 genera in
Hypoxylaceae
, four in
Lopadostomataceae
and 37 genera in
Xylariaceae
. Five genera previously treated in
Xylariaceae
are placed in
Amphisphaeriales
genera
incertae sedis
and seven genera are placed in
Xylariales
genera
incertae sedis.
Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera
incertae sedis
, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera
incertae sedis.
Three genera are considered as doubtful.
Barrmaelia
and
Cannonia
, presently included in
Xylariaceae
are transferred to
Diatrypaceae
and
Coniochaetales
respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny.
Areolospora
and
Myconeesia
are excluded from
Xylariaceae
and synonymized with
Phaeosporis
and
Anthostomella
respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Colletotrichum
is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera that is responsible for numerous diseases which can have a profound impact on the agricultural sector. Species delineation is ...difficult due to a lack of distinctive phenotypic variation. Therefore, in this study three different genomic approaches based on phylogenetic, evolutionary and coalescent-based methods are applied to establish robust species boundaries. The reliability of five different DNA barcodes was also assessed to provide further insights into species delineation. The ITS region can resolve the placement of taxa up to the species complex level. The
GAPDH
and
TUB2
markers are determined to be the most informative for most complexes. However, no single marker could discriminate between species in all complexes, therefore different molecular approaches based on multi-locus datasets are recommended. This is the first study to provide an estimated divergence time for all species complexes in
Colletotrichum.
The estimated divergence time for species complexes ranged between 4.8 to 32.2 MYA
.
Based on the high level of congruent results obtained from the different molecular approaches, a new species complex, the
Colletotrichum agaves
complex is introduced. This complex consists of five taxa which are characterised by the presence of straight or slightly curved conidia with obtuse apices. This study shows that coalescent approaches and multi-locus phylogeny are crucial to establish species boundaries in
Colletotrichum
. The taxonomic placement of three singleton taxa
Colletotrichum axonopodi, C. cariniferi
and
C. parallelophorum
is revised. We accept 248 species and provide recommendations regarding species boundaries in the graminicola–caudatum complex.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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