The precarious economic and political future for Central Asian countries once part of the USSR as they grapple with their new independence is described. Resurgence of ethnic nationalism is a ...potentially destabilizing factor.
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The present study, utilizing an analogue procedure and a short‐term longitudinal design, examined the relative strength of observed behavior in predicting mid‐ to late‐adolescents' ratings of that ...behavior. Direct observations were made of 89 adolescents during videotaped problem‐solving interactions with groups of unfamiliar peers. Within 6‐member peer groups, counterbalanced for gender, the adolescents participated in a series of problem‐solving and discussion tasks. Peer groups met one hour daily for six consecutive days. The interactions were coded with the LIFE code and three behavioral constructs were assessed: facilitative, problem‐solving, and aggressive. Same‐ and opposite‐sex peer ratings of three factors, sociable, aggressive, and withdrawn, were obtained at the end of the second and sixth days. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed that same‐sex sociability ratings were predicted by prosocial behaviors of both girls and boys whereas boys' aggressive behavior also predicted these ratings across gender. In contrast, aggressive behavior displayed by girls predicted boys' ratings of girls' aggression. Withdrawal ratings were related to low levels of all behaviors. The results provide further evidence that peer perceptions may be driven by characteristics associated with gender that have been determined by culturally proscribed practices and socialization efforts.
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Off-label Drug Use in Hospitalized Children Shah, Samir S; Hall, Matthew; Goodman, Denise M ...
Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine,
03/2007, Volume:
161, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Open access
OBJECTIVES To describe the magnitude of off-label drug use, to identify drugs most commonly used off-label, and to identify factors associated with off-label drug use in children hospitalized in the ...United States. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Administrative database containing inpatient resource utilization data from January 1 to December 31, 2004, from 31 tertiary care pediatric hospitals in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Hospitalized patients 18 years or younger. MAIN EXPOSURES Institution and patient characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Off-label drug use was defined as use of a specific drug in a patient younger than the Food and Drug Administration–approved age range for any indication of that drug. RESULTS At least 1 drug was used off-label in 297 592 (78.7%) of 355 409 patients discharged during the study. Off-label use accounted for $270 275 849 (40.5%) of the total dollars spent on these medications. Medications classified as central or autonomic nervous system agents or as fluids or nutrients, or gastrointestinal tract agents were most commonly used off-label, whereas antineoplastic agents were rarely used off-label. Factors associated with off-label use in multivariate analysis were as follows: undergoing a surgical procedure, age older than 28 days, greater severity of illness, and all-cause in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS Most patients hospitalized at tertiary care pediatric institutions receive at least 1 medication outside the terms of the Food and Drug Administration product license. Substantial variation in the frequency of off-label use was observed across diagnostic categories and drug classes. Despite the frequent off-label use of drugs, using an administrative database, we cannot determine which of these treatments are unsafe or ineffective and which treatments result in substantial benefit to the patient.-->
This article demonstrates the use of a general model for latent variable growth analysis which takes into account cluster sampling. Multilevel Latent Growth Modeling (MLGR4) was used to analyze ...longitudinal and multilevel data for adolescent and parent substance use measured at four annual time points. An associative LGM model was tested for alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use with a sample of 435 families. Hypotheses concerning the shape of the growth curve and the extent of individual differences in the common trajectory over time were tested. The effects of marital and family status and socio-economic status on family levels of substance use were also examined. Findings are discussed in terms of family-level substance use and similarities in developmental trajectories across substances, and the impact of contextual factors on family levels of substance use and development.
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The solid phase synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubsituted pyridin-2-ones is reported via selective
1NH- alkylation of 3-amino-5-carbomethoxy-1
H
-pyridin-2-one with a solid-supported halo-acid. Coupling of an ...acid to solid-supported 3-aminopyridinone was followed by saponification of the methyl ester to give the acid. Activation of the acid via the pentafluorophenyl ester allowed reaction with an amine, and cleavage from the solid support with TFA:H
2O (95:5) provided 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyridin-2-ones.
Pyridin-2-ones were prepared in five steps from solid-supported 3-amino-5-carbomethoxy-1-hexanamido-1H-pyridin-2-one.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
499.
Afghanistan Hyman, Anthony
International affairs (London),
01/1991, Volume:
67, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
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