Aims
Agro‐based wastes were evaluated as a medium for mass micropropagule production and optimal efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum B1092 in controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and ...promoting tomato growth. This study focused on biological control because pathogen persistence in the soil makes the disease difficult to control.
Methods and Results
Rice bran, biochar, empty fruit bunches, coconut fibres, compost, top soil and mixed soil were evaluated as media for mass multiplication of T. asperellum, which is effective in controlling plant pathogens. Yielding the most colony forming units (CFU) among the media, coconut fibre was deemed most suitable for promoting sporulation. After 120 days on the medium, T. asperellum B1902 produced 9·053 × 105 CFU per gram coconut fibre; oil palm empty fruit bunches was second highest (7·406 × 105 CFU per gram). In field tests of T. asperellum B1092 against F. oxysporum f. sp lycopersici (causing Fusarium wilt of cherry tomato), B1092 significantly promoted plant growth compared to the control. The efficacy of this formulation resulted in increased growth of roots and shoots tomato plants and total lycopene, sugar, K, N, Ca, P and Mg content after 120 days.
Conclusions
Trichoderma asperellum B1092 showed great field potential for improving productivity and quality of tomatoes and in controlling Fusarium wilt of cherry tomato.
Significance and Impact of the Study
This innovative approach using a cheap agro‐waste to control the persistent soil‐borne Fusarium pathogen of cherry tomato should increase soil survival rate of Trichoderma and has potential for upscaling in the field for other crops.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The instability of the Sun’s magnetic field can ignite many eruptive events on the solar surface, including flares, coronal mass ejections, and prominence eruptions. The inner heliosphere environment ...is affected, and consequently, these events are said to contribute to the celestial weather change. As one of the many eruptive events, a solar flare is of the most frequent due to the magnetic reconnection process in which the accelerated electrons from the reconnection sites escape into the interplanetary space and cause solar radio bursts type III (SRBT III). When it is observed near the Earth, this SRBT III is in the form of radio dynamics spectrum; thus, monitoring this spectrum is vital to the further analysis of the said SRBT III. In this paper, we investigate the background levels: short and long periods of the CALLISTO instruments from two different stations where for each site, a 10-day background-level observation is randomly selected. For the purpose of this study, the mean differences and coefficient of variation (CV) distributions for every frequency channel are determined where most of the frequency channels have displayed small mean differences between these two background levels: short and long periods and the CV distributions as well. These short-period observations, within 15 min of the background levels, are found significant enough to warrant further analysis of the solar radio bursts detected by the CALLISTO instruments.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The main objective of the current work is to investigate the effect of nickel–waste chicken eggshell modified Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (Ni-WCE/HZSM-5) on pyrolysis of high-density ...polyethylene (HDPE). Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 was synthesized via the impregnation incipient wetness (IWI) method with Ni and WCE mass loading of 4 and 12 wt% respectively. HZSM-5, CaO, WCE, WCE/HZSM-5, and Ni/HZSM-5 were prepared for comparison purposes with Ni-WCE/HZSM-5. All the synthesized catalysts were characterized for phase analysis, metal loading, surface morphology, and textural properties. The impregnation of nickel and WCE had significantly affected the original framework of HZSM-5, where the crystallinity percentage and average crystal size of HZSM-5 dropped to 44.97% and increased to 47.90 nm respectively. The surface morphology of HZSM-5 has drastically changed from a cubic-like shape into a spider web-like surface after the impregnation of WCE. The BET surface area of HZSM-5 has been lowered due to the impregnation of nickel and WCE, but the total pore volume has increased greatly from 0.2291 cm3/g to 0.2621 cm3/g. The catalyst performance was investigated in the pyrolysis of HDPE via a fixed bed reactor and the pyrolysis oil was further analysed to evaluate the distribution of C6 to C9> hydrocarbons. Among the tested catalytic samples, the highest pyrolysis oil yield was achieved by WCE (80%) followed by CaO (78%), WCE/HZSM-5 (63%), HZSM-5 (61%), Ni/HZSM-5 (44%) and Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (50%). For hydrocarbon distribution in pyrolysis oil, the Ni/HZSM-5 produced the highest of total C6 and C7 hydrocarbons at 12% and 27% respectively followed by WCE/HZSM-5 (4% and 20%), non-catalytic (5% and 13%), Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (0% and 15%), WCE (0% and 10%), HZSM-5 (0% and 6%) and CaO (0% and 0%).
Display omitted
•Pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over nickel (Ni) and waste chicken eggshell (WCE) modified HZSM-5.•Pyrolysis of HDPE over WCE has attained the highest pyrolysis oil yield.•Ni/HZSM-5 catalyst has attained the highest C6 and C7 hydrocarbons at 39% in pyrolysis oil.•WCE catalyst exhibits similar catalytic cracking activity of calcium oxide (CaO) in pyrolysis of HDPE.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Biodiesel reactor model using hellical screw agitator and baffles have been designed. The hellical screw type is chosen based on the agitation ability on viscous liquid with low energy, ...while baffles is purposed to generate homogeneous mixing. The objectives of the research was to obtained biodiesel reactor model and determined the best operation of reactor in producing biodiesel. Performance test of biodiesel reactor was done at 10 rotation speed levels of agitator, at range of 100 rpm until 1000 rpm. Biodiesel was produced by catalytical method, with 1.5 % w/w KOH catalyst at temperature ranging from 60 °C to 65 °C, for 60 minutes. The research obtained the model of cylindrical biodiesel reactor with the height of 300 mm and 168 mm diameter. The helical screw agitator has 4 screws and is equipped 4 baffles installed at the reactor wall. Based on the saponification value analysis, the biodiesel contained 99 % w/w methyl ester. The best operation of biodiesel production is resulted at 100 rpm which fulfil the quality standard of biodiesel and has the lowest energy consumption.
The integration of Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is considered to be an efficient solution that enables the forecasting of highly scalable, optimal ...performance of 5G networks by providing an effective means of network functionality. The distributed multi-controller architecture approach is an emerging strategy that primarily aims to support network functions performed through the application of a control plane, to provide versatile network traffic management. However, the management of resource allocations across multiple data centers is an important issue that still affects 5G core networks. Using such a strategy in 5G core networks requires the controllers to be correctly located, in order to improve network reliability and cost-effectiveness. Thus, to address the controller placement problem (CPP) in a distributed 5G network, we proposed an efficient, heuristic multi-objective optimization approach, using dynamic capacitated controller placement problem (DCCPP). It is based on the K -center problem, to solve the capacitated controller placement problem (CCPP), which acts as a resource location problem, in which the location and number of controllers can be allocated to maximize resources. A Greedy Randomized Search (GRS) algorithm was used to solve the dynamic assignment of nodes to controllers to achieve load balancing. The design of the heuristic method provides proper load balancing, efficient cost management, and network resource management, as compared to the basic CCPP model. The results indicate that the allocation and the optimum number of controllers under an effective decentralized policy could achieve a higher degree of efficiency through resource assignment in such a densified network.
Herein, we report a facile synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical sensing application of ZnO nanopeanuts synthesized by a simple aqueous solution process and characterized by various ...techniques in order to confirm the compositional, morphological, structural, crystalline phase, and optical properties of the synthesized material. The detailed characterizations revealed that the synthesized material possesses a peanut-shaped morphology, dense growth, and a wurtzite hexagonal phase along with good crystal and optical properties. Further, to ascertain the useful properties of the synthesized ZnO nanopeanut as an excellent electron mediator, electrochemical sensors were fabricated based on the form of a screen printed electrode (SPE). Electrochemical and current-voltage characteristics were studied for the determination of picric acid sensing characteristics. The electrochemical sensor fabricated based on the SPE technique exhibited a reproducible and reliable sensitivity of ~1.2 μA/mM (9.23 μA·mM
·cm
), a lower limit of detection at 7.8 µM, a regression coefficient (
²) of 0.94, and good linearity over the 0.0078 mM to 10.0 mM concentration range. In addition, the sensor response was also tested using simple
techniques, wherein a sensitivity of 493.64 μA·mM
·cm
, an experimental Limit of detection (LOD) of 0.125 mM, and a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 1.0 mM-5.0 mM were observed for the fabricated picric acid sensor.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper, novel univariate and multivariate regression methods along with model-updating technique were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of quaternary mixture of ...imatinib (IMB), gemifloxacin (GMI), nalbuphine (NLP) and naproxen (NAP). The univariate method is extended derivative ratio (EDR) which depends on measuring every drug in the quaternary mixture by using a ternary mixture of the other three drugs as divisor. Peak amplitudes were measured at 294nm, 250nm, 283nm and 239nm within linear concentration ranges of 4.0–17.0, 3.0–15.0, 4.0–80.0 and 1.0–6.0μgmL−1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively. Multivariate methods adopted are partial least squares (PLS) in original and derivative mode. These models were constructed for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in the ranges of 4.0–8.0, 3.0–11.0, 10.0–18.0 and 1.0–3.0μgmL−1 for IMB, GMI, NLP and NAB, respectively, by using eighteen mixtures as a calibration set and seven mixtures as a validation set. The root mean square error of predication (RMSEP) were 0.09 and 0.06 for IMB, 0.14 and 0.13 for GMI, 0.07 and 0.02 for NLP and 0.64 and 0.27 for NAP by PLS in original and derivative mode, respectively. Both models were successfully applied for analysis of IMB, GMI, NLP and NAP in their dosage forms. Updated PLS in derivative mode and EDR were applied for determination of the studied drugs in spiked human urine. The obtained results were statistically compared with those obtained by the reported methods giving a conclusion that there is no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision.
Display omitted
•The Univariate method is derivative ratio spectrophotometric method and it was applied for evaluating each of IMB, GMI, NLP and NAP in spiked human urine samples.•The Multivariate methods developed are PLS in original and derivative mode, and they were applied to simultaneously determine each of IMB, GMI, NLP and NAP in their pharmaceutical dosage forms.•Model-updating of PLS technique was applied for including new variables for the determination of the drugs in spiked human urine samples.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
We consider the initial boundary value problem of the nonlinear damped wave equation in an exterior domain Ω. We prove a blow-up result which generalizes the result of non-existence of global ...solutions of Ogawa and Takeda (2009). We also show that the critical exponent belongs to the blow-up case.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The structural, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of In1.95Cr0.05Cu0.025O3 thin film annealed in hydrogen at different temperature (TH = 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) were investigated. The ...film was amorphous at TH = 300 °C and had single phase In2O3 at TH = 400 °C, while mixed phases of In2O3, In and CuCr2O4 were observed at TH = 500 and 600 °C. At TH = 400 °C the film showed semiconducting like behavior. The film's transparency decreased with increasing TH, and optical band gap decreased from 3.67 eV for film annealed at TH = 400 °C to 3.0 eV for film annealed at TH = 600 °C. The magnetization increased for film annealed at TH = 400 and 500 °C while it disappeared at TH = 600 °C. The structural and physical properties were discussed and compared with that for film annealed in air at TAir = 500 °C.
•The impacts of hydrogen annealing on the structural and physical properties of In1.925Cu0.025Cr0.05O3 are reported.•The hydrogen annealing temperature affected the film crystallization and phase formation.•At TH = 400 °C the film is single phase and exhibited semiconducting behavior.•The optical band gap decreased from 3.67 eV for film annealed at TH = 400 °C to 3.0 eV for film annealed at TH = 600 °C.•The magnetization increased for film annealed at TH = 400 and 500 °C while it disappeared at TH = 600 °C.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Accurate prediction of levee breach flow is crucial to the mitigation of floods, and for timely breach closure. In this work, flow in an idealized levee breach has been studied for the case of a ...trapezoidal embankment. Flow data including water depths, surface velocities, and flow discharges were obtained from 28 experiments considering different cases of breach width and main channel downstream water depth. Ultrasonic sensors were used to record the water depth in the channel and the breach. The water surface velocity was measured using a particle tracking velocity method. A one-dimensional dynamic model based on the conservation of mass and momentum in two control volumes was developed by drawing similarities between levee breach flows and diverging open channel junction flows. The proposed model shows satisfactory performance against two independent datasets.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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