Sjenčanje reljefa u švicarskom stilu učinkovita je i vizualno atraktivna metoda za predstavljanje treće dimenzije reljefa na dvodimenzionalnoj karti. Takva metoda korištena je za predstavljanje ...terena na prirodan, istančan i intuitivan način. Važan element kod takvog načina sjenčanja reljefa je upotreba prilagođene ljestvice boja i efekta atmosferske perspektive. U prvom dijelu ovoga rada opisan je grafički i tehnički razvoj, te osnovna načela sjenčanja reljefa u švicarskom stilu. Drugi dio rada prikazuje proces izrade sjenčanog reljefa izvedenog iz digitalnog modela reljefa korištenjem isključivo funkcionalnosti dostupnih unutar slobodnog geoinformacijskog sustava otvorenog koda QGIS. Nadahnuti djelovanjem švicarskog kartografa Eduarda Imhofa na području vizualizacije reljefa, izrađena je digitalna karta Švicarske primjenjujući tehnike klasične švicarske škole. Proces izrade karte sastoji se od nekoliko koraka pri čemu najvažniji dio čine izrada pojedinih slojeva karte dobivenih iz digitalnog modela reljefa (jednosmjerno sjenčanje, višesmjerno sjenčanje, zračna perspektiva), izrada hipsometrijske ljestvice boja po uzoru na karte švicarskih kartografa, pronalazak optimalnih vrijednosti parametara pojedinih slojeva karte, te završna grafička obrada karte.
Objective
Nasal septal pathologies requiring surgical intervention are common in the population. Additionally, nasal chondrocytes are becoming an important cell source in cartilage tissue engineering ...strategies for the repair of articular cartilage lesions. These procedures damage the nasal septal cartilage whose healing potential is limited due to its avascular, aneural, and alymphatic nature. Despite the high incidence of various surgical interventions that affect septum cartilage, limited nasal cartilage repair characterizations have been performed to date.
Methods
To evaluate the healing of the nasal septum cartilage perforation, a septal biopsy was performed in 14 sheep. Two and 6 months later, the tissue formed on the place of perforation was explanted and compared with the native tissue. Tissue morphology, protein and gene expression of explanted tissue was determined using histological, immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.
Results
Tissue formed on the defect site, 2 and 6 months after the biopsy was characterized as mostly connective tissue with the presence of fibroblastic cells. This newly formed tissue contained no glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II but was positively stained for collagen type I. Cartilage-specific genes COL2, AGG, and COMP were significantly decreased in 2- and 6-month samples compared with the native nasal cartilage. Levels of COL1, COL4, and CRABP1 genes specific for perichondrium and connective tissue were higher in both test group samples in comparison with native cartilage.
Conclusions
Newly formed tissue was not cartilage but rather fibrous tissue suggesting the role of perichondrium and mucosa in tissue repair after nasal septum injury.
