The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of interval duration on training loads and technical skill performance in high performance badminton drills.
On three experimental days, 19 ...internationally ranked players (13 male: 22.7 ± 3.8 years, 180 ± 6 cm, 71.5 ± 6.1 kg; 6 females: 20.4 ± 2.5 years, 168 ± 4 cm, 59.8 ± 6.0 kg) completed one of three protocols (T
, T
, and T
) of a typical badminton specific drill, the so-called "Multifeeding" (the coach feeds shuttlecock without break in a random order) in a counterbalanced order. The protocols varied in interval duration (10, 30, and 50 s) but were matched for the rally-to-rest-ratio (1:1) and active playing time (600 s). Cardiorespiratory responses (portable spirometry, chest belt), energy metabolism (levels of blood lactate, La), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), player's kinematics (Local Positioning System), and technical skill performance (video analysis) were measured.
Average oxygen consumption (T
45 ± 6; T
46 ± 7; T
44 ± 6 mL min
·kg
), Energy expenditure (886 ± 209; 919 ± 176; 870 ± 206 kcal h
), heart rate (164 ± 13; 165 ± 11; 165 ± 10 bpm) and RPE (16 ± 2; 17 ± 2; 17 ± 2) did not differ between the protocols. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and La significantly increased depending on interval duration (RER: 0.90 ± 0.05; 0.93 ± 0.03; 0.96 ± 0.04 and La: 3.6 ± 2.0; 5.6 ± 3.0; 7.3 ± 2.3 mmol l
). Stroke frequency (SF; 0.58 ± 0.05; 0.57 ± 0.05; 0.55 ± 0.06 strokes·s
) was similar while distance covered, and average running velocity were significantly lower for T
compared to T
(76 ± 17; 70 ± 13; 65 ± 11 m min
). Moreover, jump frequency in T
was higher than in T
(6.7 ± 3.1; 8.8 ± 3.8; 8.5 ± 4.2 jumps·min
), whereas differences in internal and external loads were not associated with changes in stroke precision (errors: 16 ± 6; 19 ± 4; 18 ± 4%; accuracy: 22 ± 6; 24 ± 8; 23 ± 8%).
Anaerobic metabolic stimulus increases while running distance and velocity decrease, in case of longer interval durations. Even though there was no impact on stroke precision, extending the intervals beyond 30 s might impair external training load and skill performance. Consequently, interval duration should be defined carefully depending on the training goals.
Purpose
To evaluate the feasibility of an expiration multiple breath‐hold 1H‐MRS technique to measure glycogen (Glycg), choline‐containing compounds (CCC), and lipid relaxation times T1, T2, and ...their concentrations in normal human liver.
Materials and Methods
Thirty healthy volunteers were recruited. Experiments were performed at 3T. Multiple expiration breath‐hold single‐voxel point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique was used for localization. Water‐suppressed spectra were used for the estimation of Glycg, CCC, lipid methylene (CH2)n relaxation times and concentrations. Residual water lines were removed by the Hankel Lanczos singular value decomposition filter. After phase correction and frequency alignment, spectra were averaged and processed by LCModel. Summed signals of Glycg resonances H2H4′, H3, and H5 between 3.6 and 4 ppm were used to estimate their apparent relaxation times and concentration. Glycg, CCC, and lipid content were estimated from relaxation corrected spectral intensity ratios to unsuppressed water line.
Results
Relaxation times were measured for liver Glycg (T1, 892 ± 126 msec; T2, 13 ± 4 msec), CCC (T1, 842 ± 75 msec; T2, 50 ± 5 msec), lipid (CH2)n (T1, 402 ± 19 msec; T2, 52 ± 3 msec), and water (T1, 990 ± 89 msec; T2, 30 ± 2 msec). Mean CCC and lipid concentrations of healthy liver were 7.8 ± 1.3 mM and 15.8 ± 23.6 mM, respectively. Glycg content was found lower in the morning (48 ± 21 mM) compared to the afternoon (145 ± 50 mM).
Conclusion
Multiple breath‐hold 1H‐MRS together with dedicated postprocessing is a feasible technique for the quantification of liver Glycg, CCC, and lipid relaxation times and concentrations.
Level of Evidence: 1
Technical Efficacy: Stage 2
J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:410–417.
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γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human brain. It has been shown that altered GABA concentration plays an important role in a variety of psychiatric and ...neurological disorders. The main purpose of this study was to propose a combination of PRESS and MEGA-PRESS acquisitions for absolute GABA quantification and to compare GABA estimations obtained using total choline (tCho), total creatine (tCr), and total N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA) as the internal concentration references with water referenced quantification. The second aim was to demonstrate the fitting approach of MEGA-PRESS spectra with QuasarX algorithm using a basis set of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, and NAA in vitro spectra. Thirteen volunteers were scanned with the MEGA-PRESS sequence at 3T. Interleaved water referencing was used for quantification, B0 drift correction and to update the carrier frequency of RF pulses in real time. Reference metabolite concentrations were acquired using a PRESS sequence with short TE (30 ms) and long TR (5000 ms). Absolute concentration were corrected for cerebrospinal fluid, gray and white matter water fractions and relaxation effects. Water referenced GABA estimations were significantly higher compared to the values obtained by metabolite references. We conclude that QuasarX algorithm together with the basis set of in vitro spectra improves reliability of GABA+ fitting. The proposed GABA quantification method with PRESS and MEGA-PRESS acquisitions enables the utilization of tCho, tCr, and tNAA as internal concentration references. The use of different concentration references have a good potential to improve the reliability of GABA estimation.
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Renal hypoperfusion has been suggested to contribute to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critical COVID-19. However, limited data exist to support this. We aim to investigate the ...differences in renal perfusion, oxygenation and water diffusion using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in critically ill COVID-19 patients with and without AKI.
A prospective case-control study where patients without prior kidney disease treated in intensive care for respiratory failure due to COVID-19 were examined. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Creatinine criteria were used for group allocation. Main comparisons were tested using Mann-Whitney U test.
Nineteen patients were examined, ten with AKI and nine without AKI. Patients with AKI were examined in median 1 0-2 day after criteria fulfillment. Age and baseline Plasma-Creatinine were similar in both groups. Total renal blood flow was lower in patients with AKI compared with patients without (median 645 quartile range 423-753 vs. 859 746-920 ml/min, p = 0.037). Regional perfusion was reduced in both cortex (76 51-112 vs. 146 123-169 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.015) and medulla (28 18-47 vs. 47 38-73 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.03). Renal venous saturation was similar in both groups (72% 64-75 vs. 72% 63-84, ns.), as was regional oxygenation (R
*) in cortex (17 16-19 vs. 17 16-18 1/s, ns.) and medulla (29 24-39 vs. 27 23-29 1/s, ns.).
In critically ill COVID-19 patients with AKI, the total, cortical and medullary renal blood flows were reduced compared with similar patients without AKI, whereas no differences in renal oxygenation were demonstrable in this setting. Trial registration ClinicalTrials ID: NCT02765191 , registered May 6 2014 and updated May 7 2020.
This study was conducted in order to evaluate effect of organic acids on broiler performance. Totally 180 chickens of Ross 308 hybrid were divided to three groups. Experimental group no. 1 (n=60) ...received acetic acid in drinking water with concentration 0.25% from day 1 to day 42. Experimental group no. 2 (n=60) received citric acid in drinking water with concentration 0.25% from day 1 to day 42. Control group (n=60) received drinking water without any additives. The average body weight, feed consumption, mortality and carcass characteristics were analyzed and compared finally. The results showed no significant effects of diets with addition of organic acids (P<0.05) on body weight. Supplementation of citric acid caused decrease in total feed consumption. Addition of organic acids affected positive total mortality of broiler chickens. There were no significant effects of organic acids supplementation on carcass characteristics.
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The tensorial curvature measures are tensor-valued generalizations of the curvature measures of convex bodies. On convex polytopes, there exist further generalizations some of which also have ...continuous extensions to arbitrary convex bodies. We prove a complete set of kinematic formulae for such (generalized) tensorial curvature measures. These formulae express the integral mean of the (generalized) tensorial curvature measure of the intersection of two given convex bodies (resp. polytopes), one of which is uniformly moved by a proper rigid motion, in terms of linear combinations of (generalized) tensorial curvature measures of the given convex bodies (resp. polytopes). We prove these results in a more direct way than in the classical proof of the principal kinematic formula for curvature measures, which uses the connection to Crofton formulae to determine the involved constants explicitly.
In this experiment the effects of supplementation of the diet for laying hens with sodium selenite (SS) or selenized yeast (SY) on whole egg and egg shell quality of layers were studied. The chickens ...of Shaver Starcross 288 strain were randomly divided at the day of hatching into 4 groups (n=12; in each). The birds were fed from Day 1 of life to 9 months of age with diets differing in amounts and/or forms of selenium. Control group received basal diet (BD) containing selenium naturally occurring in feeds (0.1 mg Se/kg of dry matter (DM)). First and second experimental group of chickens were fed with a same BD enriched with equivalent dose of Se 0.4 mg/kg DM in form of sodium selenite or selenized yeast, respectively. The feed for third experimental group of birds consisted of BD supplemented with selenized yeast to the final amount of selenium 1.0 mg/kg DM. The egg weight was significantly higher in the groups with SY supplementation only. On the contrary the egg shell ratio was significantly lower in the groups with SY supplementation in both amounts. The width of egg was significantly increased in the groups with selenium supplementation in both forms. The value of egg shell strength was significantly decreased in group with SY in the highest amount 0.9 mg/kg DM The average egg shell thickness was the highest in the experimental group with Se-yeast in amount 0.9 mg/kg DM, however different was not significant compared with control group. The results showed that the most of selected parameters of egg quality appeared to be significantly influenced by selenium supplementation into laying hen’s basal diet.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of the probiotic preparations with different probiotic strain on the basic fattening parameters of broiler duck males. The ...experiment was carried out in half-operation conditions experimental base of Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra in three-floor cage technology. Totally 45 one day broiler duck males of hybrid PKB divided into three groups: control group - without addition of probiotic preparation, experimental group 1 - addition of probiotic preparation of Propoul with strain Lactobacillus fermentum in powder form into drinking water in dose of 0,90 g daily during all experiment, experimental group 2 - addition of probiotic preparation Protexin Concetrate with strain Enterococcus faecium in powder form into drinking water in dose of 0,24 g daily during all experiment. The results from this study showed that supplementation of pro-biotic Propoul and Protexin Concentrate in drinking water caused improvement of basic fattening parameters of broiler duck males. Probiotic preparation Propoul manifested as prepared with higher effect on fattening parameters (live weight, average daily weight gain, feed consumption, mortality) in comparison with probiotic Protexin Concentrate.
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If we want to find replacement to use of antibiotics, we must search more naturally alternative methods. Such method can be also used with probiotics in poultry nutrition. By the help of them we can ...achieve better health state and higher increase of live and slaughter weight. We tested the effect of probiotic Propoul in the experiment. We applied two different doses of probiotic at three hybrid combinations broiler chicks (Ross 308, Hubbard JV, Cobb 500). We watched difference among live weight, body symmetry and feed conversation. In all hybrids we found statistically significant difference (P<0,05) between experimental groups and control group, only experimental group 2 and control group at hybrid Ross 308 we found statistically significant difference (P<0,05). We did not find the difference between experimental groups. With the application of probiotics are reached better feed conversation in experimental groups against control group. We did not find statistically significant difference in body symmetry.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of housing system slaughter age and sex on performance and carcass parameters of broiler ducks. The experiment was carried out in half-operation ...conditions experimental base of Department of Poultry Science and Small Animal Husbandry of Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. A total of 60 one day old ducklings (type Peking Duck White) were randomly divided to 2 housing groups: three-floor cage system and deep litter system, both under uniform microclimate conditions. The housing system, slaughter age and sex significantly affected the slaughter weights of broiler ducks in 49 and 56 day of fattening. The results of this study showed the influence of housing system, sex and slaughter age on slaughter and carcass parameters. The slaughter and carcass parameters were statistically higher (P<0.05) in three-floor cage system in comparison with the deep litter system. Breast, things, back and wings weights and carcass yield were significantly affected (P<0.05) by slaughter age. Sex no significantly affected carcass yield (P>0.05). The some slaughter and carcass parameters of male ducks were statistically higher (P<0.05) compared with female ducks.
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