To further understanding of basic and complex cognitive functions, previous connectome research has identified functional and structural connections of the human brain. Functional connectivity is ...often measured by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and is generally interpreted as an indirect measure of neuronal activity. Gray matter (GM) primarily consists of neuronal and glia cell bodies; therefore, it is surprising that the majority of connectome research has excluded GM measures. Therefore, we propose that by exploring where GM corresponds to function would aid in the understanding of both structural and functional connectivity and in turn the human connectome. A cohort of 603 healthy participants underwent structural and functional scanning on the same 3 T scanner at the Mind Research Network. To investigate the spatial correspondence between structure and function, spatial independent component analysis (ICA) was applied separately to both GM density (GMD) maps and to rs-fMRI data. ICA of GM delineates structural components based on the covariation of GMD regions among subjects. For the rs-fMRI data, ICA identified spatial patterns with common temporal features. These decomposed structural and functional components were then compared by spatial correlation. Basal ganglia components exhibited the highest structural to resting-state functional spatial correlation (r = 0.59). Cortical components generally show correspondence between a single structural component and several resting-state functional components. We also studied relationships between the weights of different structural components and identified the precuneus as a hub in GMD structural network correlations. In addition, we analyzed relationships between component weights, age, and gender; concluding that age has a significant effect on structural components.
Using data from the Slone Survey, we sought to define the prevalence of over-the-counter and prescription medication use among US children <12 years of age and to determine the prevalence and ...patterns of use of the most commonly used medications.
The Slone Survey was a random-digit-dial telephone survey of medication use in the previous 7 days for a representative sample of the US population. Between February 1998 and April 2007, we enrolled 2857 children 0 to 11 years of age from the 48 contiguous US states.
The survey response rate was 61%. Overall, 56% of children had used >or=1 medication product in the 7 days preceding the interview, with 15%, 7.1%, 3.1%, and 1.9% taking 2, 3, 4, and >or=5 medications, respectively, during that time period. Twenty percent of children took >or=1 prescription-only medications, but <6% used >or=2 prescription-only drugs within a given week. Fewer than 0.5% of children were reported to have used any particular herbal product. The most commonly used over-the-counter medication products were acetaminophen alone, multivitamins, and ibuprofen alone. The most commonly used prescription-only medications across all age groups were amoxicillin, albuterol, and multivitamins with fluoride. The most commonly consumed active ingredients (excluding vitamins) were acetaminophen, iron, ibuprofen, and various cough/cold ingredients (pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, and various first-generation antihistamines).
The majority of US children <12 years of age use >or=1 medication product in a given week. The preponderance of pediatric medication exposure involves over-the-counter products.
This report describes the prevalence of opioid use in the US adult population, overall and in subgroups, the characteristics of opioid use, and concomitant medication use among opioid users. Data ...were obtained from the Slone Survey, a population-based random-digit dialing survey. One household member was randomly selected to answer a series of questions regarding all medications taken during the previous week. There were 19,150 subjects aged ⩾18 interviewed from 1998 to 2006. Opioids were used ‘regularly’ (⩾5 days per week for ⩾4 weeks) by 2.0%; an additional 2.9% used opioids less frequently. Regular opioid use increased with age, decreased with education level, and was more common in females and in non-Hispanic whites. The prevalence of regular opioid use increased over time and was highest in the South Central region. Nearly one-fifth of regular users had been taking opioids for ⩾5 years. Concomitant use of ⩾10 non-opioid medications was reported by 21% of regular opioid users compared to 4.5% of subjects who did not use opioids. Regular opioid users were more likely to use stool softeners/laxatives (9% vs. 2%), proton pump inhibitors (25% vs. 8%), and antidepressants (35% vs. 10%). From this nationally-representative telephone survey, we estimate that over 4.3 million US adults are taking opioids regularly in any given week. Information on the prevalence and characteristics of use is important as opioids are one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs in the US.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, OILJ, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UPUK
Pediatric cough and cold medications are widely marketed in the United States, but the precise patterns of use among children are not known. Such information is especially important given recent ...reports suggesting that these medications are responsible for previously underappreciated serious adverse events and deaths among children. We sought to describe the prevalence and patterns of pediatric use of cough and cold medications, with particular attention to use among young children.
We analyzed data on the use of cough and cold medications, defined as any oral medication that contains >or=1 antitussive, decongestant, expectorant, and/or first-generation antihistamine active ingredients, among 4267 US children who were younger than 18 years and enrolled during 1999-2006 in the Slone Survey, a national random-digit-dial telephone survey of medication use by the US population.
In a given week, a cough and cold medication was used by 10.1% of US children. Exposure was highest to decongestants (6.3%; mostly pseudoephedrine) and first-generation antihistamines (6.3%; most common were chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and brompheniramine), followed by antitussives (4.1%; mostly dextromethorphan) and expectorants (1.5%; almost exclusively guaifenesin). Multiple-ingredient products accounted for 64.2% of all cough and cold medications used. Exposure to antitussives, decongestants, and first-generation antihistamines was highest among 2- to 5-year-olds (7.0%, 9.9%, and 10.1%, respectively) followed by children who were younger than 2 years (5.9%, 9.4%, and 7.6%, respectively); expectorant use was low in all age groups. The use of cough and cold medications declined from 1999 through 2006.
Approximately 1 in 10 US children uses a cough and cold medication in a given week. The especially high prevalence of use among children of young age is noteworthy, given concerns about potential adverse effects and the lack of data on the efficacy of cough and cold medications in this age group.
CONTEXT Data on the range of prescription and over-the-counter drug use in the
United States are not available. OBJECTIVE To provide recent population-based information on use of all medications,
...including prescription and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins and minerals,
and herbal preparations/natural supplements in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Ongoing telephone survey of a random sample of the noninstitutionalized
US population in the 48 continental states and the District of Columbia; data
analyzed here were collected from February 1998 through December 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Use of medications, by type, during the preceding week, compared by
demographic characteristics. RESULTS Among 2590 participants aged at least 18 years, 81% used at least 1
medication in the preceding week; 50% took at least 1 prescription drug; and
7% took 5 or more. The highest overall prevalence of medication use was among
women aged at least 65 years, of whom 12% took at least 10 medications and
23% took at least 5 prescription drugs. Herbals/supplements were taken by
14% of the population. Among prescription drug users, 16% also took an herbal/supplement;
the rate of concurrent use was highest for fluoxetine users, at 22%. Reasons
for drug use varied widely, with hypertension and headache mentioned most
often (9% for each). Vitamins/minerals were frequently used for nonspecific
reasons such as "health" (35%); herbals/supplements were also most commonly
used for "health" (16%). CONCLUSIONS In any given week, most US adults take at least 1 medication, and many
take multiple agents. The substantial overlap between use of prescription
medications and herbals/supplements raises concern about unintended interactions.
Documentation of usage patterns can provide a basis for improving the safety
of medication use.
The call for articles on the long term health effects of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks (9/11) has resulted in twenty-three papers that add a significant amount of information to the growing ...body of research on the effects of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster almost two decades later ....
The Kinsey Institute Allen, Judith A; Allinson, Hallimeda E; Clark-Huckstep, Andrew ...
07/2017
eBook
Founded by Alfred C. Kinsey in 1947, the Kinsey Institute has been a leading organization in developing an understanding of human sexuality. In this new book with over 65 images of Kinsey and the ...Institute's collections, Judith A. Allen and the coauthors look at the work Kinsey started over 70 years ago and how the Institute has continued to make an impact on understanding on our culture. Covering the early years of the Institute through the "Sexual Revolution," into the AIDS pandemic of the Reagan era, and on into the "internet hook-up" culture of today, the book illuminates the Institute's work and its importance to society.
The hippocampus plays a critical role in the memory for sequences of events, a defining feature of episodic memory. To shed light on the fundamental mechanisms supporting this capacity, we recently ...recorded neural activity in CA1 as rats performed a nonspatial odor sequence memory task. Our main finding was that, while the animals’ location and behavior remained constant, a proportion of CA1 neurons fired differentially to odors depending on whether they were presented in or out of sequence (sequence cells). Here, we further examined if such sequence coding varied along the distal-to-proximal axis of the dorsal CA1 region (distal: toward subiculum; proximal: toward CA3). Differences in information processing along this axis have been suggested by recent anatomical and electrophysiological evidence that odor information may be more strongly represented in the distal segment, whereas spatial information may be more strongly represented in the proximal segment. Recorded neurons were grouped into four arbitrary sections of dorsal CA1, ranging from distal to proximal. We found that, although sequence cell coding was observed across the distal-to-proximal extent of CA1 from which we recorded, it was significantly higher in intermediate CA1, a region with more balanced anatomical input from lateral and medial entorhinal regions. More specifically, in that particular segment of CA1, we observed a significant increase in the magnitude of sequence coding of all cells, as well as in the sequential information content of sequence cells. Importantly, a different pattern was observed when examining the distribution of spatial coding from the same electrodes. Consistent with previous reports, our results suggest that spatial information was more strongly represented in the proximal section of CA1 (higher proportion of cells with place fields). These findings indicate that nonspatial sequence memory coding is not uniformly distributed along the transverse axis of CA1, and that this distribution does not simply follow the expected gradient based on the stimulus modality or the degree of spatial selectivity. Instead, the observed distribution suggests this form of sequence coding may be associated with convergent input from lateral and medial entorhinal regions, which is present throughout the proximodistal axis but greater in intermediate CA1.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Members of the former (dismissed) EPA Particulate Matter Review Panel argue that current air-quality standards for fine particles (<2.5 μm in diameter) are insufficient and that the EPA-proposed plan ...to retain them will result in tens of thousands of premature deaths annually.
Clinical research employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is often conducted within the connectionist paradigm, focusing on patterns of connectivity between voxels, regions of interest ...(ROIs) or spatially distributed functional networks. Connectivity-based analyses are concerned with pairwise correlations of the temporal activation associated with restrictions of the whole-brain hemodynamic signal to locations of a priori interest. There is a more abstract question however that such spatially granular correlation-based approaches do not elucidate: Are the broad spatiotemporal organizing principles of brains in certain populations distinguishable from those of others? Global patterns (in space and time) of hemodynamic activation are rarely scrutinized for features that might characterize complex psychiatric conditions, aging effects or gender-among other variables of potential interest to researchers. We introduce a canonical, transparent technique for characterizing the role in overall brain activation of spatially scaled periodic patterns with given temporal recurrence rates. A core feature of our technique is the spatiotemporal spectral profile (STSP), a readily interpretable 2D reduction of the native four-dimensional brain × time frequency domain that is still "big enough" to capture important group differences in globally patterned brain activation. Its power to distinguish populations of interest is demonstrated on a large balanced multi-site resting fMRI dataset with nearly equal numbers of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Our analysis reveals striking differences in the spatiotemporal organization of brain activity that correlate with the presence of diagnosed schizophrenia, as well as with gender and age. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that a 4D frequency domain analysis of full volume fMRI data exposes clinically or demographically relevant differences in resting-state brain function.
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