The Target Absorbers for Neutrals (TANs) represent one of the most radioactive regions in the Large Hadron Collider. Seven 40cm long fused silica rods with different dopant specifications, ...manufactured by Heraeus, were irradiated in one of the TANs located around the ATLAS experiment by the Beam RAte of Neutrals (BRAN) detector group. This campaign took place during Run 2 p＋p data taking, which occurred between 2016 and 2018. This paper reports a complete characterization of optical transmission per unit length of irradiated fused silica materials as a function of wavelength (240 nm–1500 nm), dose (up to 18 MGy), and level of OH and H2 dopants introduced in the manufacturing process. The dose delivered to the rods was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations performed by the CERN FLUKA team.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Target Absorbers for Neutrals (TANs) are located in a high intensity radiation environment inside the tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TANs are positioned about 140 m downstream from ...the beam interaction points. Seven 40-cm long fused silica rods with different dopant specifications were irradiated in the TAN by the Beam RAte of Neutrals (BRAN) detector group duringp+pdata taking from 2016 to 2018 at the LHC. The peak dose delivered to the fused silica rods was 18 MGy. We report measurements of theNa22activation of the fused silica rods carried out at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Argonne National Laboratory. At the end of the irradiation campaign, the maximumNa22activity observed wasA=21kBq/cm3corresponding to a density,ρ=2.5×1012/cm3, ofNa22 nuclei. fluka Monte Carlo simulations have been performed by the CERN fluka team to estimateNa22activities for the irradiated BRAN rod samples. The simulations reproduce theNa22activity profile measured along the rods, with a 35% underestimation of the experimental measurement results.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The Target Absorbers for Neutrals (TANs) are located in a high intensity radiation environment inside the tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TANs are positioned about 140 m downstream from ...the beam interaction points. Seven 40-cm long fused silica rods with different dopant specifications were irradiated in the TAN by the Beam RAte of Neutrals (BRAN) detector group during p+p data taking from 2016 to 2018 at the LHC. The peak dose delivered to the fused silica rods was 18 MGy. We report measurements of the ^{22}Na activation of the fused silica rods carried out at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Argonne National Laboratory. At the end of the irradiation campaign, the maximum ^{22}Na activity observed was A=21 kBq/cm^{3} corresponding to a density, ρ=2.5×10^{12}/cm^{3}, of ^{22}Na nuclei. fluka Monte Carlo simulations have been performed by the CERN fluka team to estimate ^{22}Na activities for the irradiated BRAN rod samples. The simulations reproduce the ^{22}Na activity profile measured along the rods, with a 35% underestimation of the experimental measurement results.
Full text
Available for:
CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The Target Absorbers for Neutrals (TANs) represent one of the most radioactive regions in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Seven 40 cm long fused silica rods with different dopant specifications, ...manufactured by Heraeus, were irradiated in one of the TANs located around the ATLAS experiment by the Beam RAte of Neutrals (BRAN) detector group. This campaign took place during the Run 2 p+p data taking, which occurred between 2016 and 2018. This paper reports a complete characterization of optical transmission per unit length of irradiated fused silica materials as a function of wavelength (240 nm - 1500 nm), dose (up to 18 MGy), and level of OH and H\(_2\) dopants introduced in the manufacturing process. The dose delivered to the rods was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations performed by the CERN FLUKA team.
The Target Absorbers for Neutrals (TANs) are located in a high-intensity radiation environment inside the tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). TANs are positioned about \(140\) m downstream ...from the beam interaction points. Seven \(40\) cm long fused silica rods with different dopant specifications were irradiated in the TAN by the Beam RAte of Neutrals (BRAN) detector group during \(p\)+\(p\) data taking from 2016 to 2018 at the LHC. The peak dose delivered to the fused silica rods was \(18\) MGy. We report measurements of the \(^{22}\)Na activation of the fused silica rods carried out at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Argonne National Laboratory. At the end of the irradiation campaign, the maximum \(^{22}\)Na activity observed was \(A=21\) kBq\(/{\rm cm^3}\) corresponding to a density, \(\rho= 2.5\times 10^{12} /{\rm cm^3}\), of \(^{22}\)Na nuclei. FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations have been performed by the CERN FLUKA team to estimate \(^{22}\)Na activities for the irradiated BRAN rod samples. The simulations reproduce the \(^{22}\)Na activity profile measured along the rods, with a 35% underestimation of the experimental measurement results.
Ecuador, strapped financially, wants to become an associate member so it can reduce its membership fees and pump in excess of its OPEC-set limit. Even if Ecuador pulls out, Peter Bogin said, "it's ...not a really big loss for the organization." Ecuador pumps 350,000 barrels a day, a drop in the bucket compared with the more than 8 million barrels a day produced by Saudi Arabia. Ecuador joined OPEC in 1973 after holding associate status. As a full member, it pays the same dues as superoducer Saudi Arabia. This year's fees amount to about $1.5 million for each nation. Ecuador has been behind in its payments for the last two years, sources said.
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