The transferred microbiota from mother to baby constitutes the initial infant gastrointestinal microbiota and has an important influence on the development and health of infants in human. However, ...the reproductive tract microbiota of avian species and its inheritance have rarely been studied. We aimed to characterize the microbial community in the chicken reproductive tract and determine the origin of the chicken embryo gut microbiota. Microbiota in four different portions of chicken oviduct were determined using 16S rRNA metagenomic approach with the IonTorrent platform. Additionally, we analyzed the mother hen's magnum and cloaca, descendent egg, and embryo gut microbiota. The microbial composition and relative abundance of bacterial genera were stable throughout the entire chicken reproductive tract, without significant differences between the different parts of the oviduct. The chicken reproductive tract showed a relatively high abundance of Lactobacillus species. The number of bacterial species in the chicken reproductive tract significantly increased following sexual maturation. Core genera analysis detected 21 of common genera in the maternal magnum and cloaca, descendent egg shell, egg white, and embryo gut. Some elements of the maternal oviduct microbiota appear to be transferred to the embryo through the egg white and constitute most of the embryo gut bacterial population.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
High peak-to-average power ratio of the transmit signal is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission such as OFDM or DMT. This article describes some of the important PAPR reduction techniques ...for multicarrier transmission including amplitude clipping and filtering, coding, partial transmit sequence, selected mapping, interleaving, tone reservation, tone injection, and active constellation extension. Also, we make some remarks on the criteria for PAPR reduction technique selection and briefly address the problem of PAPR reduction in OFDMA and MIMO-OFDM.
The number of studies employing artificial intelligence (AI), specifically machine and deep learning, is growing fast. The majority of studies suffer from limitations in planning, conduct and ...reporting, resulting in low robustness, reproducibility and applicability. We here present a consented checklist on planning, conducting and reporting of AI studies for authors, reviewers and readers in dental research.
Lending from existing reviews, standards and other guidance documents, an initial draft of the checklist and an explanatory document were derived and discussed among the members of IADR’s e-oral network and the ITU/WHO focus group “Artificial Intelligence for Health (AI4H)”. The checklist was consented by 27 group members via an e-Delphi process.
Thirty-one items on planning, conducting and reporting of AI studies were agreed on. These involve items on the studies’ wider goal, focus, design and specific aims, data sampling and reporting, sample estimation, reference test construction, model parameters, training and evaluation, uncertainty and explainability, performance metrics and data partitions.
Authors, reviewers and readers should consider this checklist when planning, conducting, reporting and evaluating studies on AI in dentistry.
Current studies on AI in dentistry show considerable weaknesses, hampering their replication and application. This checklist may help to overcome this issue and advance AI research as well as facilitate a debate on standards in this fields.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objectives
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the detection and diagnosis of three types of odontogenic cystic lesions (OCLs)—odontogenic keratocysts, dentigerous cysts, and periapical ...cysts—using dental panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN).
Methods
The GoogLeNet Inception‐v3 architecture was used to enhance the overall performance of the detection and diagnosis of OCLs based on transfer learning. Diagnostic indices (area under the ROC curve AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and confusion matrix with and without normalization) were calculated and compared between pretrained models using panoramic and CBCT images.
Results
The pretrained model using CBCT images showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.914, sensitivity = 96.1%, specificity = 77.1%), which was significantly greater than that achieved by other models using panoramic images (AUC = 0.847, sensitivity = 88.2%, specificity = 77.0%) (p = .014).
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that panoramic and CBCT image datasets, comprising three types of odontogenic OCLs, are effectively detected and diagnosed based on the deep CNN architecture. In particular, we found that the deep CNN architecture trained with CBCT images achieved higher diagnostic performance than that trained with panoramic images.
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CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the lumbar stability exercise on the range of motion (ROM) and height difference of the shoulder and to provide basic data to ...prevent musculoskeletal disorders for improvement of the quality of life of older adults. Participants and Methods Twenty older adults without musculoskeletal problems were divided into the lumbar stability exercise group and the passive upper arm exercise group and performed exercise for 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The shoulder flexion, abduction, extension, and height difference between shoulders were measured. A paired t-test was applied for comparative analysis of data before and after exercise in both groups. Results In the lumbar stability exercise group, the shoulder flexion, abduction and height difference were significantly different. In the passive upper arm exercise group, the abduction was significantly different. Conclusion Since it was proved that the height difference and range of motion of shoulder are improved when the lumbar stability exercise is indirectly carried out without directly doing shoulder exercise, it is suggested that the lumbar stability exercise is strongly recommended for clinical uses to improve functions in older adults.
In this letter, a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access system with imperfect successive interference cancellation is investigated in an underlay cognitive radio network. Considering that the ...channel coefficients between the primary source and the secondary receiving nodes follow Rayleigh distribution, we derive an exact closed form of the exact outage probability for each secondary destination. Also, asymptotic expressions for the outage probability are derived: 1) when the interference constraint goes to infinity and 2) when the transmit powers at the secondary source and relay go to infinity. The simulation results verify our analytical results.
Amine functionalized carbon nanotube (ANCT) is applied as an inorganic potential proton conducting material embedded in a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix. The morphological, ...structural, thermomechanical, physiochemical and electrochemical properties of SPEEK/ACNT composite were investigated and compared to obtained results from bare SPEEK. The synthesized ACNT-incorporated SPEEK membrane have uniform and dense morphology and exhibit improved properties as proton exchange membrane (PEM); for example, SPEEK/ACNT possessed higher thermal stability and tensile strength than SPEEK alone. The amine functionalized structure of ACNT is assumed to be one of critical factors resulting in higher performance of SPEEK/ACNT membrane, since it can induce acid-base conducting networks between ACNT and SPEEK matrix, which would improve water uptake and proton conductivity while lowering ion exchange capacity of membrane. When used in 20% relative humidity, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) with SPEEK/ACNT membrane is found to exhibit much higher performance than a PEFC with bare SPEEK, suggesting the potential use of SPEEK/ACNT membrane as PEM.
Proton hopping mechanism between acid-base networks in SPEEK/ACNT composite. Display omitted
•ACNT was employed as inorganic potential filler to prepare SPEEK/ACNT composite.•Addition of ACNT to SPEEK resulted in improved physiochemical and thermomechanical properties.•Optimized SPEEK/ACNT (1.5 wt%) exhibited improved PEFC performance under 20% RH while holding excellent durability compared to bare SPEEK.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is known to have discriminative power for patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Recently Cognitive Reserve (CR) has been introduced as a factor that ...compensates cognitive decline. We aimed to assess whether the MoCA reflects CR. Furthermore, we assessed whether there were any differences in the efficacy between the MoCA and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in reflecting CR.
MoCA, MMSE, and the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) were administered to 221 healthy participants. Normative data and associated factors of the MoCA were identified. Correlation and regression analyses of the MoCA, MMSE and CRIq scores were performed, and the MoCA score was compared with the MMSE score to evaluate the degree to which the MoCA reflected CR.
The MoCA reflected total CRIq score (CRI; B = 0.076, P < 0.001), CRI-Education (B = 0.066, P < 0.001), and CRI-Working activity (B = 0.025, P = 0.042), while MMSE reflected total CRI (B = 0.044, P < 0.001) and CRI-Education (B = 0.049, P < 0.001) only. The MoCA differed from the MMSE in the reflection of total CRI (Z = 2.30).
In this study, we show that the MoCA score reflects CR more sensitively than the MMSE score. Therefore, we suggest that MoCA can be used to assess CR and early cognitive decline.
For resolving toxicity issues of Pb‐based perovskites, Sn‐based perovskites have been widely studied as a promising alternative due to similar valence electron configuration between Sn2+ and Pb2+. ...However, desired Sn2+ in the precursor solution and film is easily oxidized to Sn4+, causing detrimental Sn vacancies and impurities in the films. Unfortunately, dimethyl sulfoxide, a ubiquitously used Lewis base for the fabrication of high‐quality perovskite thin films via the adduct approach, further accelerates the oxidation of Sn2+ in the precursor solution. Herein, N,N′‐dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) is proposed as an alternative Lewis base for the fabrication of high‐quality Sn‐based perovskite thin films. The strongly coordinating Lewis base DMPU is shown to suppress the oxidation of Sn2+ in the precursor solution while promoting growth of uniform and highly crystalline thin films. The PEA2SnI4 perovskite light emitting diode (PeLED) based on DMPU demonstrates dramatically improves luminance (L): a more than sixfold enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) and better operational stability than those of the device fabricated without DMPU. The optimum PeLED based on DMPU achieves a maximum L and EQE of 68.84 cd m−2 and 0.361%, respectively. This study provides an important methodological base for studying Sn perovskites for development of high‐performance and eco‐friendly PeLEDs.
By adopting Lewis bases with varying coordinating ability, interplays between the coordinating ability of the Lewis base and tin halide perovskite film quality is unraveled. The strongly coordinating N,N′‐dimethylpropyleneurea suppresses oxidation of Sn2+ in the precursor solution while promoting growth of uniform and highly crystalline Sn perovskite thin films for achieving high‐performance lead‐free perovskite light emitting diodes.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this letter, we investigate cooperative device-to-device (D2D) communication in an uplink cellular network, where D2D users act as relays for cellular users. We derive the outage probability of a ...cellular user and the average achievable rate from a D2D transmitter to a D2D receiver in analytic form. We obtain optimal spectrum and power allocation to maximize the total average achievable rate under the outage probability constraint. The validity of the analysis is verified by computer simulations.
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