Ozaki Yukio, who was returned to his seat in the Japanese Diet
twenty-five times, served in that body from its inception in 1890
to 1953. He was several times a cabinet member and, for ten years,
...mayor of Tokyo. A strong advocate of representative government, he
both witnessed and propelled Japan's transformation from a late
feudal society to a modern state. His autobiography, available in
English for the first time, gives an insider's account of key
episodes and leaders over seven decades of Japanese history.
Ozaki's political life spanned the Meiji rise to power and Japan's
defeat in World War II, and he played a significant role in each
phase of that epic. As a young reporter, he gained preeminence with
incisive calls for supremacy in East Asia. A European trip that
showed him the devastation of World War I converted him to advocacy
of arms reduction and international cooperation. He watched with
dismay as Japan encountered isolation and military disaster. Known
for the courage of his convictions, he became a marked man,
carrying a death poem in his pocket. His sturdy independence
survived the American Occupation, as he deplored his associates'
readiness to heed occupation dictates. Ozaki's story reverberates
with the immediacy of his personal knowledge of every major
Japanese political figure for three-quarters of a century. It is
the account of a man who made history as well as writing it. His
story is the story of modern Japan. Through it, readers will gain
first-hand knowledge of Japanese constitutional history, one with
rich relevance for contemporary Japanese politics.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can cause the life-threatening acute respiratory disease called COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) as well as debilitating multiorgan ...dysfunction that persists after the initial viral phase has resolved. Long COVID or Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is manifested by a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, heart palpitations, and memory issues sometimes affecting between 30% and 75% of recovering COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the mechanisms causing Long COVID and there are no widely accepted treatments or therapeutics. After introducing the clinical aspects of acute COVID-19 and Long COVID in humans, we summarize the work in animals (mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs)) to model human COVID-19. The virology, pathology, immune responses, and multiorgan involvement are explored. Additionally, any studies investigating time points longer than 14 days post infection (pi) are highlighted for insight into possible long-term disease characteristics. Finally, we discuss how the models can be leveraged for treatment evaluation, including pharmacological agents that are currently in human clinical trials for treating Long COVID. The establishment of a recognized Long COVID preclinical model representing the human condition would allow the identification of mechanisms causing disease as well as serve as a vehicle for evaluating potential therapeutics.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
► An increase of ionic strength increases the concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd released. ► An increase of ionic strength promoted a higher release of Cd than the others metals. ► An increase of total ...metal decreases the % of Pb and Cu released upon salinization. ► Pb, Cd, Zn mobility was main regulated by competition with Ca
2+ for sorption sites. ► The main mechanism regulating Cu mobility was the formation of Cu-sulfate.
The effect of salinity induced by CaCl
2, MgCl
2, NaCl and Na
2SO
4 on the mobility of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. An increase of ionic strength by any salts promoted a higher release of Cd than the others metals. When CaCl
2 and NaCl were applied, Cd and Pb showed the highest degree of mobilization. When MgCl
2 was applied, Cd and Cu were mobilized the most. Finally, an increase of Na
2SO
4 also promoted the strongest mobilization of Cd and Cu.
As the total heavy metal content was higher, the percentage of Pb and Cu released upon salinization decreased, indicating that these metals are strongly bound to soil constituents. An increase of carbonates in the soil promoted a higher release of Pb for all used salts and for Zn when MgCl
2 and NaCl were used. This indicates that Pb and Zn are adsorbed on the surface of carbonate crystals. An increase of fine particles promoted a decrease of percentage of released Cd for all salts, indicating that Cd is strongly retained in the fine fractions.
The main mechanism regulating Pb and Cd mobility was competition with Ca
2+ for sorption sites followed for metal chloro-complexation, association between the Cd/Pb-sulfates and competition with Mg
2+. The main mechanism regulating Cu mobility was the formation of Cu-sulfate, followed by competition with cations (Mg
>
Ca) and chloride. For Zn, competition with Ca
2+ for sorption sites was the most important process for its mobility; followed by Zn-sulfate association and, finally, chloride and competition with Mg with the same effect.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Action statistics in sports, such as the number of sprints and jumps, along with the details of the corresponding locomotor actions, are of high interest to coaches and players, as well as medical ...staff. Current video-based systems have the disadvantage that they are costly and not easily transportable to new locations. In this study, we investigated the possibility to extract these statistics from acceleration sensor data generated by a previously developed sensor garment. We used deep learning-based models to recognize five football-related activities (jogging, sprinting, passing, shooting and jumping) in an accurate, robust, and fast manner. A combination of convolutional (CNN) layers followed by recurrent (bidirectional) LSTM layers achieved up to 98.3% of accuracy. Our results showed that deep learning models performed better in evaluation time and prediction accuracy than traditional machine learning algorithms. In addition to an increase in accuracy, the proposed deep learning architecture showed to be 2.7 to 3.4 times faster in evaluation time than traditional machine learning methods. This demonstrated that deep learning models are accurate as well as time-efficient and are thus highly suitable for cost-effective, fast, and accurate human activity recognition tasks.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This prospective cohort study assesses incidence of delirium after stroke. In addition, risk factors during the first week were assessed. Finally, outcome in relation to development of delirium was ...studied.
A total of 527 consecutive patients with stroke (median age, 72 years; range, 29-96 years) were screened for delirium during the first week after admission. We diagnosed delirium with the Confusion Assessment Method. Cognitive functioning prior to the stroke was assessed with the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Neurologic deficits were assessed with the NIH Stroke Scale.
A total of 62 patients with stroke (11.8%) developed delirium during the first week of admission. Independent risk factors were preexisting cognitive decline (odds ratio OR for IQCODE above 50: 2.6, 95% confidence interval CI 1.2-5.7) and infection (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.8). Furthermore, right-sided hemispheric stroke (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.0), anterior circulation large-vessel stroke (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.2), the highest tertile of the NIH Stroke Scale (OR for highest vs lowest tertile 15.1, 95% CI 3.3-69.0), and brain atrophy (OR for highest versus lowest tertile 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.8) increased the risk for delirium. Delirium was associated with a worse outcome in terms of duration of hospitalization, mortality, and functional outcome.
Delirium occurs in almost 1 out of every 8 patients with stroke on a stroke unit and is associated with cognitive decline, infection, right-sided hemispheric stroke, anterior circulation large-vessel stroke, stroke severity, and brain atrophy. Delirium after stroke is associated with a worse outcome.
The transition towards a Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment is vital to reduce environmental impacts, resource consumption and waste generation. The built environment can be made circular ...by replacing building components with more circular ones. There are many circular design options for building components and knowledge about which options perform better – from an environmental perspective – is limited. Existing guidelines focussed on single components, single circular design options, applied different assessment methods and provide conflicting guidelines. Therefore, in this article, we develop environmental design guidelines by comparing multiple circular design options for two building components: a kitchen (short service life) and renovation façade (medium service life). First, we synthesize design variants based on distinct circular pathways, such as renewable-, non-virgin material use, and modularity for reuse. Second, we compare their environmental performance to a ‘business-as-usual’ variant through Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and a multi-cycle Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) including extensive sensitivity analysis on circular parameters. Analysing the 78 LCAs and MFAs, we derive 8 lessons learned on the environmental design of circular building components. We compare our findings to existing guidelines, including those for circular building structures (long service life). Amongst other lessons, we found components with a short service life benefit more from prioritizing circular design options to slow and close future cycles, whilst components with a longer service life benefit more from reducing resources and slowing loops on site. However, applying circular design options does not always result in a better environmental performance. Tipping-points were identified based on the number of use cycles, lifespans and the assessment methods applied.
•Concept designs for a circular kitchen and renovation façade are presented.•Environmental design guidelines for circular building components are derived from 78 LCAs and MFAs.•Components with a short service life benefit from prioritizing slowing and closing future cycles, and components with a longer service life from narrowing and slowing cycles on site.•Applying circular design options does not always result in a better environmental performance.•Applied assessment methods, assumptions and temporal uncertainties influence the ranking of circular design options.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A novel model for circular economy life cycle assessment (CE-LCA) of building components is proposed.•Existing LCA standards are adapted to include multiple cycles of building components, parts and ...materials, by extending the system boundary and applying a circular allocation approach.•The model shows to support an ex-ante assessment of circular building components in theoretical context through the case of the circular kitchen.•Assessment with the CE-LCA model incentivises not only efficiency today, but also longer and more life and use cycles.
The transition towards a Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment is vital to reduce resource consumption, emissions and waste generation. To support the development of circular building components, assessment metrics are needed. Previous work identified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an important method to analyse the environmental performance in a CE context. However, questions arise about how to model and calculate circular buildings components. We develop an LCA model for circular building components in four steps. First, we elaborate on the CE principles and LCA standards to identify requirements and gaps. Second, we adapt LCA standards and propose the ‘Circular Economy Life Cycle Assessment’ (CE-LCA) model. Third, we test the model by assessing an exemplary building component: the Circular Kitchen (CIK). Finally, we evaluate the CE-LCA model with 44 experts. In the CE-LCA model, building components are considered as a composite of parts and materials with different and multiple use cycles; the system boundary is extended to include these cycles, dividing the impacts using a circular allocation approach. The case of the CIK shows that the CE-LCA model supports an ex-ante assessment of circular building components in theoretical context; it makes an important step to support the transition to a circular built environment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A good definition for the energy–momentum tensor of gravity (EMTG) in general relativity (GR) is a hard, if not impossible, task. On the other hand, in its teleparallel version, known as the ...teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR), the EMTG can be defined in a very satisfactory way. Here, it is proved that the EMTG of TEGR for linearized gravitational waves (GWs) is the same as the version of GR that is usually given in the literature. In addition, the exact version of the EMTG for a pp‐wave with a + polarization is obtained in a freely falling frame (FFF). Unlike the previous case, the energy density can be either positive or negative, depending on the details of the wave. The gravitational energy density for the Wyman spacetimes is obtained both in a static frame and in an FFF. It turns out that observers in free fall can measure the effects of gravity.
The energy–momentum density of gravitational waves of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity is proved to be equivalent to that of general relativity. The exact form of the energy–momentum tensor for a plane wave with a + polarization is obtained. The gravitational energy as measured by freely falling observers is analyzed in Wyman spacetimes.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this review the names, structures and occurrence of all new drimanes and rearranged drimanes which have been published between January 1990 and January 2003 have been collected. Subjects that have ...been treated are biosynthesis, analysis, biological activities, with special attention to cytotoxic activity and antifeedant and insecticidal activity and mode of action. An important part of the review deals with the synthesis of drimanes. This part has been subdivided into syntheses by transformation of natural products, syntheses starting from chiral compounds obtained by enzymatic resolution, syntheses by cationic polyolefin cyclizations, syntheses from trans-decalones, syntheses by radical cyclizations and syntheses by cycloaddition reactions. The review contains about 350 references.
The gut microbiome is associated with diverse diseases
, but a universal signature of a healthy or unhealthy microbiome has not been identified, and there is a need to understand how genetics, ...exposome, lifestyle and diet shape the microbiome in health and disease. Here we profiled bacterial composition, function, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in the gut microbiomes of 8,208 Dutch individuals from a three-generational cohort comprising 2,756 families. We correlated these to 241 host and environmental factors, including physical and mental health, use of medication, diet, socioeconomic factors and childhood and current exposome. We identify that the microbiome is shaped primarily by the environment and cohabitation. Only around 6.6% of taxa are heritable, whereas the variance of around 48.6% of taxa is significantly explained by cohabitation. By identifying 2,856 associations between the microbiome and health, we find that seemingly unrelated diseases share a common microbiome signature that is independent of comorbidities. Furthermore, we identify 7,519 associations between microbiome features and diet, socioeconomics and early life and current exposome, with numerous early-life and current factors being significantly associated with microbiome function and composition. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of gut microbiome and the underlying impact of heritability and exposures that will facilitate future development of microbiome-targeted therapies.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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