The electrodynamic coupling between Io and Jupiter gives rise to wave‐particle interactions across multiple spatial scales. Here we report observations during Juno's 12th perijove (PJ) high‐latitude ...northern crossing of the flux tube connected to Io's auroral footprint. We focus on plasma wave measurements, clearly differentiating between magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), ion, and electron scales. We find (i) evidence of Alfvén waves undergoing a turbulent cascade, suggesting Alfvénic acceleration processes together with observations of bi‐directional, broadband electrons; (ii) intense ion cyclotron waves with an estimated heating rate that is consistent with the generation of ion conics reported by Clark et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090839); and (iii) whistler‐mode auroral hiss radiation excited by field‐aligned electrons. Such high‐resolution wave and particle measurements provide an insight into satellite interactions in unprecedented detail. We further anticipate that these spatially well‐constrained results can be more broadly applied to better understand processes of Jupiter's main auroral oval.
Key Points
Juno observes wave and particle phenomena associated with Io's auroral footprint
Alfvénic acceleration was indicated by observations of magnetic turbulence and broadband electron distributions
Intense ion cyclotron and whistler‐mode radiations are related to auroral ions and electrons, respectively
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A composite structure consisting of a shape memory polymer (SMP) matrix with embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) strips was constructed. The SMA strips acted as actuators in order to realize a ...reversible 90 degree deformation. The deformation was activated by local heating. The polymer matrix enabled the structural fixation of the deformations. The polymer showed rigid characteristics at a low temperature range. During the morphing stage, the polymer was heated locally to a rubbery condition to allow shape changes. The SMA actuators were able to deform the structure upon thermal activation, after which the new structural shape was fixated by cooling the polymer into a rigid, glassy state. Since the exact timing and amount of heating power of both the SMA strips and the SMP matrix was crucial for the functioning of the smart structure, a detailed numerical thermal model was built and validated using thermal imaging. With this validated numerical model the optimum activation conditions were determined.
Proton Acceleration by Io's Alfvénic Interaction Szalay, J. R.; Bagenal, F.; Allegrini, F. ...
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics,
January 2020, 2020-01-00, 2020, Volume:
125, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Web Resource
Peer reviewed
Open access
The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment aboard Juno observed accelerated proton populations connected to Io's footprint tail aurora. While accelerated electron populations have been previously ...linked with Io's auroral footprint tail aurora, we present new evidence for proton acceleration due to Io's Alfvénic interaction with Jupiter's magnetosphere. Separate populations were accelerated above the Io torus and at high latitudes near Jupiter. The timing suggests the acceleration is due to Alfvén waves associated with Io's Main Alfvén Wing. The inferred high‐latitude proton acceleration region spans 0.9–2.5 Jovian radii in altitude, comparable to the expected location for electron acceleration, and suggests the associated Alfvén waves are able to accelerate electrons and protons in similar locations. The proton populations magnetically connected to Io's orbit are recently perturbed, equilibrating with the nominal torus plasma population on a timescale smaller than Io's System III orbital period of ~13 h, likely due to wave‐particle interactions. The tail populations are split into a wake‐like structure with distinct inner and outer regions, where the inner region maps to an equatorial width nearly identical to the diameter of Io. The approximately symmetric surrounding outer regions are each slightly smaller than the central region and may be related to Io's atmospheric extent. The nominal, corotational torus proton population exhibits energization throughout all regions, peaking at the anti‐Jovian flank of the inner core region mapping to Io's diameter. These proton observations suggest Alfvén waves are capable of accelerating protons in multiple locations and provide further evidence that Io's Alfvénic interaction is bifurcated.
Plain Language Summary
The interaction between Jupiter's moon Io and Jupiter's rapidly rotating magnetic field produces a persistent aurora in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. The Juno spacecraft's trajectory crossed magnetic field lines connected to this aurora. We found that protons are accelerated in multiple places between Jupiter and Io. The interaction is evidenced in two distinct regions, with the central core region mapping to almost exactly the size of Io in the equatorial plane. We also find the protons that comprise the nominal “background” population are hotter in this central region.
Key Points
Three distinct populations of protons (10 eV to 50 keV) were observed connected to Io's auroral tail
Alfvén waves accelerate protons both near the Io torus Alfvén boundary and at an altitude of 0.9–2.5 RJ
Io's Alfvénic interaction is split into two regions spanning multiple Io diameters wide downtail
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Observations of energetic charged particles associated with Io's footprint (IFP) tail, and likely within or very near the Main Alfvén Wing, during Juno's 12th perijove (PJ) crossing show evidence of ...intense proton acceleration by wave‐particle heating. Measurements made by Juno/JEDI reveal proton characteristics that include pitch angle distributions concentrated along the upward loss cone, broad energy distributions that span ~50 keV to 1 MeV, highly structured temporal/spatial variations in the particle intensities, and energy fluxes as high as ~100 mW/m2. Simultaneous measurements of the plasma waves and magnetic field suggest the presence of ion cyclotron waves and transverse Alfvénic fluctuations. We interpret the proton observations as upgoing conics likely accelerated via resonant interactions with ion cyclotron waves. These observations represent the first measurements of ion conics associated with moon‐magnetosphere interactions, suggesting energetic ion acceleration plays a more important role in the IFP tail region than previously considered.
Plain Language Summary
NASA's Juno spacecraft orbits Jupiter's polar region and makes direct measurements of the fields and particles that are responsible for creating Jupiter's powerful auroras. In this article, we present new observations that show intense proton acceleration occurring at altitudes near the auroral emissions created by the interaction between Jupiter's moon Io and the surrounding plasma and magnetic field environment. These unique observations provide clues on how particles are being accelerated and will help constrain particle acceleration theories.
Key Points
Juno's likely crossing of Io's Main Alfvén Wing (MAW) during PJ12 reveals evidence of transverse ion acceleration
Observations suggest wave‐particle interactions with ion cyclotron waves as the favored acceleration mechanism; however, Alfvén acceleration was not ruled out
Ion conics generated in Io's footprint tail or near the MAW are more intense and energetic than observed in other auroral regions
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Sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNB) were investigated in 8 cases (6 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 melanomas) of vulvar malignancy. The sentinel node was detected by patent blue dye injection (1 case), ...pre operative lymphoscintigraphy with intra-operative gamma hand-held probe (2 cases), and combined techniques (5 cases). The procedure was successful in all cases but one (1 invasive squamous cell carcinoma) in which there was medial groin recurrence at 6 months. Nodal invasion was observed in only one case and was confined to the sentinel node. No specific morbidity related to the SLNB procedure occurred. SLNB appears to be a feasible and promising technique, however, requiring further evaluation before being considered as a reliable method to spare inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in early-stage patients free of sentinel node metastasis, or to be substituted in screening elderly clinically node-negative females.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of sentinel node biopsy for invasive breast cancer and the predictability of axillary node status. Between January 1996 and June ...1997 a total of 73 patients underwent patent blue dye lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy followed by standard (level I and II) axillary node dissection (one bilateral procedure). The sentinel node was identified in 82.4% (61/74) of the cases and was predictive of axillary status in 96.7% (59/61). The false‐negative rate of the procedure was 8.0% (2/25). The sentinel node was involved in 37.7% (23/61) and was the only one invaded in 30.4% (7/23). The sensitivity of the procedure was 92% (CI95% 74–99%) and its specificity 100%. It is currently considered to be an attractive new procedure undergoing evaluation in prospective controlled trials. This study confirmed the reliability and reproducibility of intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. This is the first step toward a new era of minimally invasive axillary surgery for breast cancer.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The sentinel lymph node located in the right iliac basin was successfully pre- and intraoperatively identified by radiopharmaceutical-directed mapping in a case of primary malignant melanoma of the ...vagina.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A series of 4-substituted 2-benzamido-pyrimidines has been synthesized and evaluated for their IKK2 inhibitory activities.
The design, synthesis, and the biological evaluation of ...2-benzamido-pyrimidines as novel IKK inhibitors are described. By optimization of the lead compound
3, compounds
16 and
24 are identified as good inhibitors of IKK2 with IC
50 values of 40 and 25
nM, respectively. Compound
16 also demonstrated significant in vivo activity in an acute model of cytokine release.
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The ligands 4 − 7-H 2 were used in coordination studies with titanium(IV) and gallium(III) ions to obtain dimeric complexes Li4(4 − 7)6Ti2 and Li6(4/5a)6Ga2. The X-ray crystal structures of ...Li4(4)6Ti2, Li4(5b)6Ti2, and Li4(7a)6Ti2 could be obtained. While these complexes are triply lithium-bridged dimers in the solid state, a monomer/dimer equilibrium is observed in solution by NMR spectroscopy and ESI FT-ICR MS. The stability of the dimer is enhanced by high negative charges (Ti(IV) versus Ga(III)) of the monomers, when the carbonyl units are good donors (aldehydes versus ketones and esters), when the solvent does not efficiently solvate the bridging lithium ions (DMSO versus acetone), and when sterical hindrance is minimized (methyl versus primary and secondary carbon substituents). The dimer is thermodynamically favored by enthalpy as well as entropy. ESI FT-ICR mass spectrometry provides detailed insight into the mechanisms with which monomeric triscatecholate complexes as well as single catechol ligands exchange in the dimers. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments in the gas phase show the dimers to decompose either in a symmetric (Ti) or in an unsymmetric (Ga) fashion when collisionally activated. The differences between the Ti and Ga complexes can be attributed to different electronic properties and a charge-controlled reactivity of the ions in the gas phase. The complexes represent an excellent example for hierarchical self-assembly, in which two different noncovalent interactions of well balanced strengths bring together eleven individual components into one well-defined aggregate.
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Radiation‐induced small bowel injury is a limiting factor to postoperative tumoricidal pelvic doses exceeding 4500 to 5000 cGy. Data from a review of the literature showed the inadequacy of medical ...measures and the bad reproducibility of radiation therapeutic attempts to decrease small intestine damage. Recent studies cited the benefit of a polyglycolic acid mesh to create an absorbable intestinal sling and suspend the loops above the pelvic radiation field. In 60 cases of gynecologic and rectal malignancies with a surgical intestinal morbidity of 8.3% (5 cases), the rate of radiation enteritis was 7% (4 cases) with an average follow‐up of 17.8 months (range, 1 to 57 months). The quality of small intestinal elevation and the absence of loop herniation were demonstrated by the barium index. Magnetic resonance imaging was used for checking the polymer polyglycolic acid mesh position and its complete resorption at the third to fifth postoperative month. The authors conclude that this new procedure is safe in selected patients with high pelvic recurrence risk after optimal surgery, in residual disease after debulking surgery, or at the time of exploration for unresectable pelvic tumors. Clinical studies are ongoing to evaluate the long‐term efficacy of this surgical technique to prevent chronic radiation enteropathy and improve locoregional control in advanced pelvic carcinomas. Cancer 68:2545–2549, 1991.
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