Remote sensing image fusion is a fundamental issue in the field of remote sensing. In this paper, we propose a remote sensing image fusion method based on optimal scale morphological convolutional ...neural networks (CNN) using the principle of entropy from information theory. We use an attentional CNN to fuse the optimal cartoon and texture components of the original images to obtain a high-resolution multispectral image. We obtain the cartoon and texture components using sparse decomposition-morphological component analysis (MCA) with an optimal threshold value determined by calculating the information entropy of the fused image. In the sparse decomposition process, the local discrete cosine transform dictionary and the curvelet transform dictionary compose the MCA dictionary. We sparsely decompose the original remote sensing images into a texture component and a cartoon component at an optimal scale using the information entropy to control the dictionary parameter. Experimental results show that the remote sensing image fusion method proposed in this paper can effectively retain the information of the original image, improve the spatial resolution and spectral fidelity, and provide a new idea for image fusion from the perspective of multi-morphological deep learning.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Incorporating n-type fullerene derivatives into the perovskite layer affording bulk heterojunction (BHJ) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is an effective strategy to passivate trap states, consequently ...reducing the current–voltage hysteresis and improving the device performance. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivative (C60-PyP) via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, and the unambiguous determination of its molecular structure by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Upon incorporating C60-PyP as an additive with an optimized doping ratio of 0.13 wt% into the CH3NH3Pbl3 (MAPbI3) perovskite precursor, the regular-structure bulk heterojunction PSC devices exhibit a best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.82%, which is dramatically enhanced relative to that of the control devices (17.61%). The C60-PyP additive provides heterogeneous nucleation sites, leading to the decrease of the nucleation Gibbs free energy and consequently enlarged grain size and improved crystallization of the MAPbI3 perovskite film. Besides, incorporation of C60-PyP results in enhanced crystalline orientation as confirmed by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements. Meanwhile, the coordination interaction between the N atom of the pyridine moiety within C60-PyP and the Pb2+ ion within MAPbl3 leads to the passivation of the trap states of the perovskite layer, jointly contributing to the improved device performance and markedly suppressed current–voltage hysteresis. Moreover, the ambient stability of the devices is improved upon C60-PyP incorporation due to the hydrophobic nature of the C60-PyP molecule, which presumably resides at the grain boundaries.
The senescence of fruit is a complex physiological process, with various cell types within the pericarp, making it highly challenging to elucidate their individual roles in fruit senescence. In this ...study, a single-cell expression atlas of the pericarp of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is constructed, revealing exocarp and mesocarp cells undergoing the most significant changes during the fruit senescence process. Pseudotime analysis establishes cellular differentiation and gene expression trajectories during senescence. Early-stage oxidative stress imbalance is followed by the activation of resistance in exocarp cells, subsequently senescence-associated proteins accumulate in the mesocarp cells at late-stage senescence. The central role of the early response factor HuCMB1 is unveiled in the senescence regulatory network. This study provides a spatiotemporal perspective for a deeper understanding of the dynamic senescence process in plants.
Incorporating n-type fullerene derivatives into the perovskite layer affording bulk heterojunction (BHJ) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is an effective strategy to passivate trap states, consequently ...reducing the current–voltage hysteresis and improving the device performance. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivative (C 60 -PyP) via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction, and the unambiguous determination of its molecular structure by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Upon incorporating C 60 -PyP as an additive with an optimized doping ratio of 0.13 wt% into the CH 3 NH 3 Pbl 3 (MAPbI 3 ) perovskite precursor, the regular-structure bulk heterojunction PSC devices exhibit a best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.82%, which is dramatically enhanced relative to that of the control devices (17.61%). The C 60 -PyP additive provides heterogeneous nucleation sites, leading to the decrease of the nucleation Gibbs free energy and consequently enlarged grain size and improved crystallization of the MAPbI 3 perovskite film. Besides, incorporation of C 60 -PyP results in enhanced crystalline orientation as confirmed by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements. Meanwhile, the coordination interaction between the N atom of the pyridine moiety within C 60 -PyP and the Pb 2+ ion within MAPbl 3 leads to the passivation of the trap states of the perovskite layer, jointly contributing to the improved device performance and markedly suppressed current–voltage hysteresis. Moreover, the ambient stability of the devices is improved upon C 60 -PyP incorporation due to the hydrophobic nature of the C 60 -PyP molecule, which presumably resides at the grain boundaries.
Trypsin can significantly improve the storage quality of
Cucumis sativus
(
C. sativus
) due to its novel superoxide scavenging activity. Based on the results of physiological indices, an integrated ...analysis of widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics was carried out, gene function was further confirmed by VIGS, a potential molecular mechanism of resistance improvement of
C. sativus
due to flavonoid biosynthesis induced by trypsin was proposed and discussed. Transcriptomic results showed that 1,068 genes highly related to flavonoid biosynthesis gathered in the brown module were obtained by the advanced method WGCNA. An isomeric compound of dihydrochalcone, trilobatin, was likely to be the key metabolite regulated by trypsin. Results of O2PLS and co-expression network illustrated that
CsUGT91C1
acted as the hub gene which regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoids, especially trilobatin, in
C. sativus
. CsUGT91C1 also played as a hub node in the Protein-Protein Interactions network of WGCNA screened genes (WSGs). GO and KEGG analyses of WSGs enriched the transferase activities, especially UDP-glycosyltransferase activity and KEGG pathways of “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (map00940)” and “Flavonoid biosynthesis (map00941)”. Results of webtools of the PlantCARE database identified the G-box region of
CsUGT91C1
, which can bind to the transcription factor CsMYC2. The expression and biological effects of
CsUGT91C1
were significantly impeded by the silencing of
CsMYC2
through VIGS. The results of this study might give new insight into the exploration of the postharvest resistance mechanism of
C. sativus
induced by trypsin and provide useful information for the subsequent mining of resistance genes in
C. sativus
.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Fullerene derivatives have been popularly applied as electron transport layers (ETLs) of inverted (p–i–n) planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) due to their strong electron-accepting ...abilities, and so far, 6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) has been the most commonly used ETL, which suffers, however, from high cost due to the complicated synthetic route. Herein, novel pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivatives (abbreviated as C60-Py) were synthesized facilely via a one-step 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction and applied as ETLs superior to PCBM in iPSC devices. Three pyridine-functionalized fullerene derivatives with different alkyl groups, including methyl, n-butyl, and n-hexyl, grafted onto the pyrrolidine moiety (abbreviated as C60-MPy, C60-BPy, and C60-HPy, respectively) were synthesized. According to cyclic voltammogram study, the chain length of the N-alkyl group has negligible influence on the molecular energy level of C60-Py. However, the ETL performance of C60-Py is sensitively dependent on the chain length of the N-alkyl group, with C60-BPy exhibiting the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.83%, which surpasses that based on PCBM ETL (15.87%). The PCE enhancement of C60-BPy device is attributed to the coordination interactions between the pyridine moiety with the Pb2+ ion of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite, which anchor C60-BPy onto perovskite film and reinforce the passivation of the trap state within the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film and suppress the nonradiative electron–hole recombinations, leading to enhanced electron transport reflected by the increase of short-circuit current density (J sc). The ambient stability of C60-HPy-based device is much better than that based on PCBM ETL since its long N-alkyl group can function as a superior encapsulating layer protecting the CH3NH3PbI3 layer from contact with the ambient moisture.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Fullerene derivatives especially 6,6-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with strong electron-accepting abilities have been commonly implemented as indispensable cathode buffer layers (CBLs) ...of inverted (p-i-n) planar perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) to facilitate electron transport. However, only a single fullerene CBL is typically used in iPSC devices, resulting in interfacial energy offset between fullerene CBL and metal cathode and consequently insufficient electron transport. Herein, we synthesized a novel bis-dimethylamino-functionalized fullerene derivative (abbreviated as PCBDMAM) and applied it as an auxiliary fullerene interlayer atop of PCBM to form a PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene CBL, leading to dramatic enhancement of both efficiency and ambient stability of iPSC devices. Incorporation of PCBDMAM interlayer facilitates the formation of interfacial dipole layer between PCBM and Ag cathode, resulting in decrease of the work function of the Ag cathode. As a result, the CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) iPSC devices based on PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene CBL exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.11%, which is drastically higher than that of the control device based on single PCBM CBL (14.21%) and represents the highest value reported for double fullerene CBL-based iPSC devices. Moreover, due to the higher hydrophobicity of PCBDMAM than PCBM, iPSC devices based on PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene CBL shows an enhanced ambient stability, retaining 67% of the initial PCE after storage 1440 h exposure under the ambient atmosphere without any encapsulation, whereas only 43% retaining was achieved for the control device based on single PCBM CBL.
Two is better than one: A novel bis-dimethylamino-functionalized fullerene derivative (PCBDMAM) was synthesized and deposited atop of PCBM to construct PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene cathode buffer layers (CBLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs), leading to dramatic enhancements of both efficiency and ambient stability of iPSC devices owing to the minimized interfacial energy offset between PCBM CBL and Ag cathode resulted from decrease of the work function of the Ag cathode. Display omitted
•Device with PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene CBLs exhibit dramatic enhancements of both efficiency and ambient stability.•The minimized interfacial energy offset between PCBM and Ag cathode resulted the decreased work function of Ag cathode.•A highest PCE of 18.11% was achieved for the iPSCs with PCBM/PCBDMAM double fullerene cathode buffer layers.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Alkaloids are natural products with many important medicinal activities. To explore the mechanism of abiotic stress promoting alkaloid biosynthesis in Eucommia ulmoides, transcriptomic analysis and ...metabonomic analysis were used, virus–induced gene silencing (VIGS) lines of target gene were constructed. The results showed that drought and salt stress caused wilting and blackening of leaves, decreased chlorophyll level, and significantly induced MDA and relative conductivity. To resist the damage of stress to cells, the level of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids increased significantly with the extension of stress time. Transcriptomic results showed that, were. Six alkaloid related genes (AWGs) were gathered in five modules positively correlated with either salt stress or alkaloid contents by WGCNA. Results of GO and KEGG enrichment revealed that biosynthesis of alkaloid, especially indole alkaloid was induced, and degradation of alkaloid was inhibited under salt stress. Combining the results of transcriptome and metabolomics, it was suggested that EuRBG10 promotes the production of indole alkaloids and EuAMO5 inhibits the degradation of alkaloids, which may be the core mechanism of the indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway (map00901) induced by salt stress. The results of these hub proteins were also consistent with the chordal graph of KEGG enrichment. Hub roles of EuRGB10 was checked in E. ulmoides by VIGS. Our findings provide a preliminary understanding of abiotic stress regulating secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, and propose hub genes that can be used to improve the level of bioactive components in medicinal plant.
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•Salt stress rather than drought stress was closely related to the expression of alkaloid synthesis genes in E. ulmoides.•EuRBG10 acted as hub alkaloid related protein regulated by salt stress.•Indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway (map00901) was the key KEGG pathway induced by salt stress.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Trypsin has a new activity of scavenging superoxide anion and generating hydrogen peroxide. Trypsin can significantly improve the storage quality of C. sativus. To illustrate the mechanism of ...trypsin-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, an integrated analysis of widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics was carried out. Transcriptomic results showed that 1068 genes highly related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis gathered in the brown module were obtained by WGCNA. In KEGG analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also highly enriched in EIP (Environmental Information Processing) pathways “Plant hormone signal transduction (map04075)” and “MAPK signaling pathway-plant (map04016)”. Next, 87 genes were identified as the leading edge by GSEA analysis. So far, CsMYC2 was highlighted as a key transcription factor that regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis identified by GSEA and WGCNA. Furthermore, the major route of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid compounds including coumarins, lignins, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and derivatives regulated by trypsin was also illustrated by both transcriptomic and metabolomic data. Results of O2PLS showed that CsMYC2 was positively correlated with Rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside, Epigallocatechin, Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (Baimaside), and so on. Correlation between CsMYC2, phenylpropanoid related genes, and metabolites in C. sativus was illustrated by co-expression networks. Roles of CsMYC2 were further checked in C. sativus by VIGS. The results of this study might give new insight into the exploration of the postharvest resistance mechanism of C. sativus induced by trypsin and provide useful information for the subsequent mining of resistance genes in C. sativus.
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•CsMYC2 identified as a hub transcription factor responses to trypsin in C. sativus.•Route of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis regulated by CsMYC2 was rewired in C. sativus.•Trypsin induced C. sativus resistance through JA rather than ABA or other hormones.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The large-span roof structure is favored by architects and structural engineers all over the world for its novel architectural shape and reasonable structural characteristics. It has been widely used ...in large public buildings such as sports buildings, memorial buildings and cultural buildings. Based on the structure design of the fourth national college students’ competition winning entries for the model, this paper introduces the stadium upper cantilever roof structure model selection, process design, interface, etc. Using the finite element software ANSYS to analyze the model structure under different load conditions of the static performance, we acquire its natural frequency. The results show that the model meets both the strength and stiffness requirement.
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