Isoniazid (INH) is a first-line antituberculosis drug. The incidence of adverse reactions accompanied by inflammation in the liver during drug administration to tuberculosis patients is high and ...severely affects clinical treatment. To better understand the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by INH under the inflammatory state, we compared the differences in levels of hepatotoxicity from INH between normal zebrafish and zebrafish in an inflammatory state to elucidate the hepatotoxic mechanism using different endpoints such as mortality, malformation, inflammatory effects, liver morphology, histological changes, transaminase analysis, and expression levels of certain genes. The results showed that the toxic effect of INH in zebrafish in an inflammatory state was more obvious than that in normal zebrafish, that liver size was significantly decreased as measured by liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) reporter fluorescence and intensity, and that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were significantly increased. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and electron microscopy showed that hepatocyte injury was more obvious in the inflammatory state. In the inflammatory state, INH significantly increased the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related factors (GRP78, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, XBP1s, GRP94, and CHOP), autophagy-related factors (beclin 1, LC3, Atg3, and Atg12), and apoptosis-related factors (caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Bax, p53, and Cyt) in larvae. Correlational analyses indicated that the transcription levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and TNF-ɑ were strongly positively correlated with ALT and AST. Furthermore, the ERS inhibitor sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) could ameliorate the hepatotoxicity of INH-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in zebrafish larvae. These results indicated that INH hepatotoxicity was enhanced in the inflammatory state. ERS and its mediated autophagy and apoptosis pathways might be involved in INH-induced liver injury promoted by inflammation.
Lead halide perovskites exhibit good performance in room-temperature exciton–polariton lasers and efficient flow of polariton condensates. Shaping and directing polariton condensates by confining the ...potential is essential for polariton-based optoelectronic devices, which have seldom been explored based on perovskite materials. Here, we investigate the trapping of polaritons in micron-sized CsPbBr3 flakes embedded in a microcavity by varying the negative detuning energy (from −36 to −172 meV) at room temperature. The confinement by the crystal edge results in quantized polariton states both below and above the condensed threshold. As the cavity is more negatively detuned (Δ ≤ −118 meV), the condensed polaritons undergo a transition from the ground state to metastable states with a finite group velocity (∼50 μm/ps at Δ = −118 meV). The metastable polariton condensates can be optically and stably driven between different polariton states by simply changing the pump fluence. The manipulations of the polariton states reveal the effective control of polariton relaxation in quantized polariton states by the underlying exciton–polariton and polariton–polariton scattering. Our findings pave the way for novel polaritonic light sources and integrated polariton devices through the trap engineering of perovskite microcavities.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
In this paper, frequency selective surface (FSS) with low profile, miniaturized structure and closely located dual-band is proposed based on the fractal technology. The FSS is designed by etching the ...conductive pattern on a single layer substrate. Two fractal slots are designed to increase the spatial efficiency of the pattern and provide two isolated resonances. For the dual-band FSS, the miniaturization should work for both of the resonances to keep the frequency ratio. Therefore, the slots are convoluted as different principles and twisted with each other to keep the miniaturization and isolation. With the third-order fractal pattern, two pass-bands are achieved at 1.04 GHz and 1.49 GHz with the frequency ratio of 1.42. The dimension of the element is as compact as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.039\lambda \times 0.039\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula> where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength of low frequency resonance. Moreover, benefiting from the miniaturized element, the angular stability is very good that the resonances keep stable when the incident angle increasing from 0° to 60°. In order to get insight of the mechanism of the proposed element, an equivalent circuit model is established and studied. A prototype is fabricated and all the proposed performances are verified by simulations and measurements.
Metallic nanowires (NWs) support multiple surface plasmon (SP) modes, which lead to extraordinary SP propagation behaviors. The leaky SP modes in metallic NWs connect the guiding and radiation of ...light at the nanometer scale. Understanding and controlling these modes are of vital importance for various nanophotonic applications. Here, we investigate the radiation from two polarization-controlled SP modes on supported silver NWs by using leakage radiation imaging and Fourier imaging techniques. The radiation directions from these modes can be clearly resolved from the Fourier images. The radiation polarization of the SP modes is related to the polarization of the excitation light. By depositing thin Al
O
films onto silver NWs or decreasing the excitation wavelength, the radiation angles and wave vectors of the two modes are increased, and the longitudinal mode is more sensitive to Al
O
thickness. Moreover, the propagation length of the longitudinal mode is obtained by analyzing the leakage radiation images, which is decreased with the decrease of the excitation wavelength and the increase of the Al
O
layer thickness. These results show that leakage radiation from different SP modes on silver NWs can be resolved directly and controlled effectively. The supported silver NWs can thus be applied to designing plasmonic circuits, nanoantennas and nanosensors.
Eco-friendly Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 relaxor ferroelectric has attracted considerable attention for pulsed power capacitor applications due to its large saturation polarization. However, high remnant ...polarization and low breakdown strength (Eb) restrict its application. Herein, linear dielectric CaTiO3 (CT) is introduced into Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-Na0.91Bi0.09Nb0.94Mg0.06O3 (BNT-NBNM) ceramic to enhance its Eb. Interestingly, CT additive can stabilize polar orthorhombic P21ma phase. As a result, a high recoverable energy density of 6.4 J/cm3 and a high efficiency of 92% at 400 kV/cm as well as an ultrafast discharge rate of 57 ns are obtained in 0.63BNT-0.27NBNM-0.1CT ceramic. Furthermore, temperature dependent Raman spectra reveal that the superior temperature stability of energy storage properties over the temperature span of 30–150 °C is due to insensitive B-O vibration to temperature. The results demonstrate an effective strategy to construct superior and stable BNT-based energy storage materials for pulsed power capacitor applications.
•CaTiO3 additive can stabilize polar orthorhombic P21ma phase.•A high Wrec of 6.4 J/cm3 and a high η of 92% as well as an ultrafast t0.9 of 57 ns was obtained.•Superior temperature stability is due to insensitive B-O vibration to temperature.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Nanophotonic plasmon circuits may play important roles in next-generation information technology as semiconductor-based electronics is approaching the physical limit. The functions of such circuits ...rely on the rigorous control of plasmon propagation. One important aspect of such control is controlling the conversion of different plasmon modes for designed plasmon routing in complex nanophotonic networks. Here, for the first time, we experimentally prove that the conversion of plasmon modes occurs widely in metallic nanowire waveguides, the basic components of plasmonic circuits, by introducing local structural symmetry breaking. In further simulations for the structure of a nanowire with a particle in its proximity, it is shown that the mode conversions originate from the redistribution of electric field on the wave front which is caused by the scattering of localized modes in the nanogap and on the nanoparticle. This mode conversion effect can be applied to flexibly control the plasmon propagation behavior in plasmonic nanowire networks.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Here, MoO2 bubbles are firstly found in MoO2 nanosheets (NSs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and exposed to air for 2–3 years. Interestingly, the Newton’s rings are clearly observed in ...Raman map of MoO2 bubbles. Meanwhile, it’s found that the height of bright rings close to the 1/2, 2/2, 3/2 of the laser wavelength, confirming that the Newton’s rings in Raman map are caused by the laser interference on the surface of bubbles. At the same time, based on simple membrane theory, the adhesion energy 0.15 and 1.08 J/m2 between MoO2 NSs and different SiO2/Si substrates are extracted. Moreover, Raman depolarization effect is observed on the surface of MoO2 bubbles. As the aspect ratio of bubbles increases from 0.16 to 0.21, the relative-depolarization ratios of 205 cm−1 and 750 cm−1 phonon modes are gradually increased from 18% to 46% and 10–36%, respectively. The Raman depolarization behavior should be ascribed to the surface strain of MoO2 bubbles leading to the asymmetric changes of photoelastic tensor in all directions of the crystal. This finding maybe provides a reference for regulating the polarization characteristics of MoO2 by adjusting its surface strain and ultimately achieving application in the field of photonics.
•For the first time, MoO2 bubbles are observed.•Confirming the cause of the bright-dark fringes in Raman map of bubbles.•The adhesion energy between MoO2 NSs and silicon oxide substrate is extracted.•Raman depolarization is observed in MoO2 bubbles.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
MEMS (Micro Electromechanical System) sensors have been increasingly used to detect human movements in health monitoring applications. Usually, a full cycle of design and fabrication of a MEMS sensor ...such as an accelerometer requires highly professional understanding of device functions and expertise in microfabrication process. However, the advent of internet of things (IoT) brings a large demand for low-cost and highly customizable sensors, which requires fast fabrication and flexible design, even by the customers with limited background knowledge in the device itself. In this work, we present the development of a rapid design and fabrication workflow for accelerometers by combining an artificial neural network (ANN) based inverse design method and a one-step 3D printing fabrication technique. The one-step 3D printing fabrication approach is based on a conductive composite material, a polylactic acid (PLA) polymer with carbon black. In device design, trained bidirectional ANNs were designed to predict the device performance from given design parameters and retrieve the design parameters from the customer requirements of the device performance. A capacitive accelerometer was then designed based on the retrieved geometric parameters and fabricated by an integrated 3D printing process without using any additional metallization and assembly processes. With a sensitivity of 75.2 mV/g and a good dynamic response, the 3D printed accelerometer was shown to be capable of detection and monitoring of human movements. The proposed rapid design and fabrication workflow provides an effective solution to customized and low-cost MEMS devices suitable for IoT applications.
Annealing as an experimental means is often used to treat various electrocatalysts for improving their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Herein, in order to investigate the effect of ...hydrogen annealing temperature on the HER performance of RuO2-based electrocatalysts, commercial RuO2, self-synthesized RuO2, and self-synthesized RuO2/MoO3 composite are annealed at 150, 300, 500, and 700 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere, respectively. It's found that RuO2 is gradually deduced at 150 °C, ultimately, completely reduced to Ru under 300 °C. Meanwhile, the content of RuO2 at the samples surface is gradually decreases as the annealing temperature increase to 700 °C. However, for all samples, the 500 °C annealed sample shows the best HER performance in acid solutions, including the lowest over potential, the smallest Tafel slope, and the largest double-layer capacitance. We inferred that the optimal HER performance of the 500 °C annealed samples maybe attributed to their appropriate Ru/RuO2 ratio. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that significant electron transfer across the Ru/RuO2 interface, thereby optimizing the adsorption free energy of H on Ru and RuO2, ultimately resulting in Ru/RuO2 catalyst exhibiting better HER activity than bare Ru and RuO2. The study provides guidance on the preparation of RuO2-based electrocatalysts for achieving efficient hydrogen evolution.
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•Various commercial and self synthesized RuO2-based catalysts have been studied.•The annealing temperature of RuO2-based catalysts covers a wide range of 150–700 °C.•The adsorption free energies of H on different ratio of Ru/RuO2 were calculated.•The effect mechanism of annealing temperature on HER activity of RuO2 was analyzed.
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•PM10 induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae.•PM10 exposure inhibited the locomotor behavior and growth of dopaminergic neurons.•PM10 exposure induced the ...neurovasculature defects and cerebral haemorrhage.•PM10 altered the expression of genes associated with embryonic brain development including those of dopaminergic pathway.
Particulate matter with 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) exposure is a major threat to health and environment around the world. Even though a number of clinical and experimental studies have focused on the cardiopulmonary effects of PM10, its impact on neurovascular development and the underlying toxicity is relatively less studied. The present study is therefore undertaken to evaluate the potential toxic effects of PM10 on neurodevelopment and the associated gene expression profiles in the zebrafish embryo/larvae. During 2017–2018, PM10 samples (24 h sampling, 180 sampling days) were collected in an urban downtown site of Jinan, Shandong province, China. To delineate the potential toxic effects of PM10 during neurodevelopment, zebrafish embryos/larvae were exposed to different concentrations viz., 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL of PM10 solution for 24–120 h post-fertilization (hpf) and the effects on the mortality, morphology, swimming behavior, electroencephalogram discharges, growth of dopaminergic neurons, neurovasculature development and gene expression profiles of dopaminergic and neurodevelopment-related genes using qRT-PCR were studied.
A significant increase in the mortality rate and morphological abnormalities were observed in 200 μg/mL of the PM10 treated group at 120 hpf. High concentrations (≥100 μg/mL) of PM10 exposure reduced locomotor behavior, caused abnormal electroencephalogram discharges, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, inhibition of neurovascular development, cerebral hemorrhage, and significant changes in the expression pattern of genes involved in dopaminergic pathway and neurodevelopment such as (th1, dat, drd1, drd2a, drd3, drd4b, syn2a, gap43, α1-tubulin, gfap, map2, elavl3, eno2, neurog1, sox2, shha, and mbp). Taken together, all these parameters collectively imply developmental neurotoxicity and dysfunction of the dopaminergic neurons which provides the first evidence of PM10-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in the zebrafish embryo/larvae.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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