Hypoxia, the most commonly observed characteristic in cancers, is implicated in the establishment of an immunosuppressive niche. Recent studies have indicated that extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated ...cancer-stroma interactions are considered to play a critical role in the regulation of various cellular biological functions, with phenotypic consequences in recipient cells. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between EVs and hypoxia during cancer progression remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that EVs derived from hypoxic lung cancers increased M2-type polarization by miR-103a transfer. Decreased PTEN levels caused by hypoxic cancer-cell-derived EV miR-103a increased activation of AKT and STAT3 as well as expression of several immunosuppressive and pro-angiogeneic factors. In contrast, inhibition of miR-103a by an miRNA inhibitor effectively decreased hypoxic cancer-mediated M2-type polarization, improving the cytokine prolife of tumor infiltration macrophages. Macrophages received cancer-cell-derived EV miR-103a feedback to further enhance cancer progression and tumor angiogenesis. Finally, circulating EV miR-103a levels were higher in patients with lung cancer and closely associated with the M2 polarization. In conclusion, our results delineate a novel mechanism by which lung cancer cells induce immunosuppressive and pro-tumoral macrophages through EVs and inspire further research into the clinical application of EV inhibition or PTEN restoration for immunotherapy.
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Extracellular vesicle (EV) miR-103 can be transferred from hypoxic cancer cells to macrophages, resulting in the enhancement of M2 polarization by the downregulation of miR-103a’s direct target PTEN. EV miR-103a increases the stimulatory effects of macrophages on cancer progression and angiogenesis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Green valley galaxies represent the population that is likely to transition from star-forming to quiescent phases. To investigate the role of the environment in quenching star formation, we use the ...wide-field data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Strategic Subaru Proposal survey to quantify the frequency of green valley galaxies in different environments and their redshift evolution. We find that the green valley fraction, in general, is less than 20% in any redshift and environment. The green valley fraction, when normalized to the total population, is higher in the field than that in groups or clusters and decreases with decreasing redshift and increasing mass. The lower fraction of transitional galaxies in denser environments could be a consequence of the lack of star-forming galaxies, which could be the progenitors of green valley galaxies. To assess the effect of the environment on star formation quenching, we define the effective green valley fraction as the ratio of the number of green valley galaxies to that of nonquiescent galaxies only. The effective green valley fraction for field galaxies is lower than that for group or cluster galaxies, which reveals a strong positive mass dependence and mild redshift evolution. Moreover, the specific star formation rate is reduced by 0.1-0.3 dex in groups or clusters. Our results thus imply that an ongoing slow quenching process has been acting in the dense environment since z ∼ 1.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of cluster environments on galaxy properties using data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program and an optically selected CAMIRA cluster sample. ...Specifically, the study analyzes the fractions of quiescent and green valley galaxies with stellar masses above 10
8.6
M
⊙
at
z
∼ 0.2 and 10
9.8
M
⊙
at
z
∼ 1.1, investigating their trends in radius and density. The results indicate that a slow quenching mechanism is at work, as evidenced by a radially independent specific star formation rate reduction of 0.1 dex for star-forming galaxies in a cluster environment. The study also finds that slow quenching dominates fast quenching only for low-mass galaxies (<10
9.2
M
⊙
) near the cluster edge, based on their contributions to the quiescent fraction. After controlling for
M
*
,
z
, and local overdensity, the study still finds a significant radial gradient in the quiescent fraction, indicating active ram pressure stripping in dense environments. That said, analyzing the density trend of the quiescent fraction with other fixed parameters suggests that radial and density-related quenching processes are equally crucial for low-mass cluster galaxies. The study concludes that ram pressure stripping is the primary environmental quenching mechanism for high stellar mass galaxies in clusters. By contrast, ram pressure stripping and density-related quenching processes act comparably for low-mass cluster galaxies around the center. Near the cluster boundary, starvation and harassment become the leading quenching processes for low stellar mass galaxies.
Abstract
We utilize the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Wide Survey to explore the properties of galaxies located in the voids identified from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey up to
z
∼ 0.7. The ...HSC reaches
i
∼ 25, allowing us to characterize the void galaxies down to 10
9.2
solar mass. We find that the revised void galaxy densities, when including faint galaxies in voids defined by bright galaxies, are still underdense compared to the mean density from the entire field. In addition, we classify galaxies into star-forming, quiescent, and green valley populations, and find that void galaxies tend to have slightly higher fractions of star-forming galaxies under the mass and redshift control, although the significance of this result is only moderate (2
σ
). However, when we focus on the star-forming population, the distribution of the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of void galaxies shows little difference from that of the control galaxies. Similarly, the median sSFR of star-forming void galaxies is also in good agreement with that of the star-forming control galaxies. Moreover, the effective green valley fraction of void galaxies, defined as the number of green valley galaxies over the number of nonquiescent galaxies, is comparable to that of the control ones, supporting the suggestion that void and control galaxies evolve under similar physical processes and quenching frequencies. Our results thus favor a scenario of galaxy assembly bias.
ABSTRACT The fact that the clustering of dark matter halos depends not only on their mass, but also the formation epoch is a prominent, albeit subtle, feature of the cold dark matter structure ...formation theory and is known as assembly bias. At low-mass scales ( ), early-forming halos are predicted to be more strongly clustered than the late-forming ones. In this study, we aim to robustly detect the signature of assembly bias observationally, making use of formation time indicators of central galaxies in low-mass halos as a proxy for the halo formation history. Weak gravitational lensing is employed to ensure our early- and late-forming halo samples have similar masses, and are free of contamination of satellites from more massive halos. For the two formation time indicators used (resolved star formation history and current specific star formation rate), we do not find convincing evidence of assembly bias. For a pair of early- and late-forming galaxy samples with mean mass , the relative bias is 1.00 0.12. We attribute the lack of detection to the possibilities that either the current measurements of these indicators are too noisy, or they do not correlate well with the halo formation history. Alternative proxies for the halo formation history that should perform better are suggested for future studies.
Abstract
We present an optically-selected cluster catalog from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program. The HSC images are sufficiently deep to detect cluster member galaxies down to ...M* ∼ 1010.2 M⊙ even at z ∼ 1, allowing a reliable cluster detection at such high redshifts. We apply the CAMIRA algorithm to the HSC Wide S16A dataset covering ∼232 deg2 to construct a catalog of 1921 clusters at redshift 0.1 < z < 1.1 and richness ${\skew7\hat{N}}_{\rm mem}>15$ that roughly corresponds to M200m ≳ 1014 h−1 M⊙. We confirm good cluster photometric redshift performance, with the bias and the scatter in Δz/(1 + z) being better than 0.005 and 0.01, respectively, over most of the redshift range. We compare our cluster catalog with large X-ray cluster catalogs from the XXL and XMM-LSS (the XMM Large Scale Structure) surveys and find good correlation between richness and X-ray properties.We also study the mis-centering effect from the distribution of offsets between optical and X-ray cluster centers. We confirm the high (>0.9) completeness and purity for high-mass clusters by analyzing mock galaxy catalogs.
Diode effects are of great interest for both fundamental physics and modern technologies. Electrical diode effects (nonreciprocal transport) have been observed in Weyl systems. Optical diode effects ...arising from the Weyl fermions have been theoretically considered but not probed experimentally. Here, we report the observation of a nonlinear optical diode effect (NODE) in the magnetic Weyl semimetal CeAlSi, where the magnetization introduces a pronounced directionality in the nonlinear optical second-harmonic generation (SHG). We demonstrate a six-fold change of the measured SHG intensity between opposite propagation directions over a bandwidth exceeding 250 meV. Supported by density-functional theory, we establish the linearly dispersive bands emerging from Weyl nodes as the origin of this broadband effect. We further demonstrate current-induced magnetization switching and thus electrical control of the NODE. Our results advance ongoing research to identify novel nonlinear optical/transport phenomena in magnetic topological materials and further opens new pathways for the unidirectional manipulation of light.
Postmenopausal women who have ovary hormone deficiency (OHD) may experience urological dysfunctions, such as overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. This study used a female Sprague Dawley rat model that ...underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) to simulate post-menopause in humans. The rats were treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or platelet-poor plasma (PPP) after 12 months of OVX to investigate the therapeutic effects of PRP on OHD-induced OAB. The OVX-treated rats exhibited a decrease in the expression of urothelial barrier-associated proteins, altered hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan; HA) production, and exacerbated bladder pathological damage and interstitial fibrosis through NFƘB/COX-2 signaling pathways, which may contribute to OAB. In contrast, PRP instillation for four weeks regulated the inflammatory fibrotic biosynthesis, promoted cell proliferation and matrix synthesis of stroma, enhanced mucosal regeneration, and improved urothelial mucosa to alleviate OHD-induced bladder hyperactivity. PRP could release growth factors to promote angiogenic potential for bladder repair through laminin/integrin-α6 and VEGF/VEGF receptor signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of OHD-induced OAB. Furthermore, PRP enhanced the expression of HA receptors and hyaluronan synthases (HAS), reduced hyaluronidases (HYALs), modulated the fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, and increased angiogenesis and matrix synthesis via the PI3K/AKT/m-TOR pathway, resulting in bladder remodeling and regeneration.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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