The aim of the current study was to review the current state and characteristics of the elderly population in China in the context of aging, difficulties and challenges faced by older people, and ...efforts of the current Chinese Government in this area. The process of population aging in China began to accelerate in the late 1970s and has continued to increase at a rate of about 3.2% per year since then. This process took more than 45 years in developed countries, while it took only about 27 years in China, and aging may continue to increase for a long time. China is now moving toward a superannuated society due to declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy. There is a great need for care due to the high disease burden among older people. However, more than 1 million "families have lost their only child", and this number is increasing annually by about 76,000; moreover, there are a large number of "deficient families with an injured family member" in China. These families face greater difficulties due to aging and need to rely on society for more support given the lack of care provided by their children or spouses. The current study has focused on improving the quality of life of older people, helping them achieve healthy aging, and to assist the country in further providing care for the elderly.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The plants of the genus Physalis L. have been extensively utilized in traditional and indigenous Chinese medicinal practices for treating a variety of ailments, including dermatitis, malaria, asthma, ...hepatitis, and liver disorders. The present review aims to achieve a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of the genus Physalis , a new model crop, to understand plant diversity and fruit development. Several chloroplast DNA-, nuclear ribosomal DNA-, and genomic DNA-based markers, such as psbA-trnH , internal-transcribed spacer (ITS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), random amplified microsatellites (RAMS), sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), were developed for molecular identification, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic studies of Physalis species. A large number of functional genes involved in inflated calyx syndrome development ( AP2-L , MPF2 , MPF3 , and MAGO ), organ growth ( AG1 , AG2 , POS1 , and CNR1 ), and active ingredient metabolism ( 24ISO , DHCRT , P450-CPL , SR , DUF538 , TAS14 , and 3β-HSB ) were identified contributing to the breeding of novel Physalis varieties. Various omic studies revealed and functionally identified a series of reproductive organ development-related factors, environmental stress-responsive genes, and active component biosynthesis-related enzymes. The chromosome-level genomes of Physalis floridana Rydb., Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez, and Physalis pruinosa L. have been recently published providing a valuable resource for genome editing in Physalis crops. Our review summarizes the recent progress in genetic diversity, molecular identification, phylogenetics, functional genes, and the application of omics in the genus Physalis and accelerates efficient utilization of this traditional herb.
var.
, rich in withanolides, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for many years. To date, few extensive molecular studies of this plant have been conducted. In the present study, the ...plastome of
var.
was sequenced, characterized and compared with that of other
species, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted in the family Solanaceae. The plastome of
var.
was 156,898 bp in length with a GC content of 37.52%, and exhibited a quadripartite structure typical of land plants, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC, 87,108 bp) region, a small single-copy (SSC, 18,462 bp) region and a pair of inverted repeats (IR: IRA and IRB, 25,664 bp each). The plastome contained 131 genes, of which 114 were unique and 17 were duplicated in IR regions. The genome consisted of 85 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes and 38 tRNA genes. A total of 38 long, repeat sequences of three types were identified in the plastome, of which forward repeats had the highest frequency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) analysis revealed a total of 57 SSRs, of which the T mononucleotide constituted the majority, with most of SSRs being located in the intergenic spacer regions. Comparative genomic analysis among nine
species revealed that the single-copy regions were less conserved than the pair of inverted repeats, with most of the variation being found in the intergenic spacer regions rather than in the coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between
and
. In addition,
and
were paraphyletic, and clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. Our study published the first sequence and assembly of the plastome of
var.
, reported its basic resources for evolutionary studies and provided an important tool for evaluating the phylogenetic relationship within the family Solanaceae.
Physalis macrophysa (PMA) and Physalis ixocarpa (PIX) have significant economic, medicinal, and ornamental value and are often used in the fields of edible fruits, medicinal herbs, and ornamental ...plants. In the present study, we obtained the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of PMA and PIX, compared to the cp genome sequences of 10 Physalis species, and constructed the phylogenetic tree among the tribe Physaleae. The results showed that the cp genomes of PMA and PIX consisted of a large single copy (LSC) region (87,115 bp and 87,103 bp, respectively), a small single copy (SSC) region (18,412 bp and 18,420 bp, respectively), and a pair of same-length inverted-repeat (IRa and IRb) regions (25,604 bp and 25,674 bp, respectively). The two species contained 132 genes, including 87 encoding proteins, eight encoding ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 37 encoding transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which indicated that the two species have strong similarities with respect to genome structure and gene content. PMA and PIX contained repeat sequences (35 and 40, respectively) and simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) (61 and 60, respectively). Nine regions with considerable nucleotide divergence were found, most of which were located in the LSC and SSC regions. The gene selective pressure analysis indicated that eight genes were affected by positive selection, the Ka/Ks values of which were greater than one. Our phylogenetic results indicated that PMA and PIX had the closest genetic relationship and are closely adjacent to Physalis philadelphica (PPH) in the subtribe Physalinae. Our analysis of the cp genomes in both Physalis species will be beneficial for further research into species identification, phylogeny, evolution, and the potential for germplasm resource exploitation in Physalis.
Cutleaf groundcherry (
L.), an annual plant containing a variety of active ingredients, has great medicinal value. However, studies on the genetic diversity and population structure of
are limited. ...In this study, we developed chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers and applied them to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of
. A total of 57 cpSSRs were identified from the chloroplast genome of
. Among all cpSSR loci, mononucleotide markers were the most abundant (68.24%), followed by tetranucleotide (12.28%), dinucleotide (10.53%), and trinucleotide (8.77%) markers. In total, 30 newly developed cpSSR markers with rich polymorphism and good stability were selected for further genetic diversity and population structure analyses. These cpSSRs amplified a total of 156 alleles, 132 (84.62%) of which were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic alleles and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of the cpSSRs were 81.29% and 0.830, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis indicated that the average observed number of alleles (
), number of effective alleles (
), Nei's gene diversity (
), and Shannon information indices (
) of 16
populations were 1.3161, 1.1754, 0.1023, and 0.1538, respectively. Moreover, unweighted group arithmetic mean, neighbor-joining, principal coordinate, and STRUCTURE analyses indicated that 203
individuals from 16 populations were grouped into four clusters. A molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) illustrated the considerable genetic variation among populations, while the gene flow (
) value (0.2324) indicated a low level of gene flow among populations. Our study not only provided a batch of efficient genetic markers for research on
but also laid an important foundation for the protection and genetic breeding of
resources.
Corn, an important staple in many countries around the world, is subject to a very inefficient germination rate due to worm-damaged seeds. However, air-coupled ultrasound is a rapid, safe and widely ...accepted method for the early detection of such damage. In this study, the current effectiveness and future prospects of this technique for identifying damaged seeds were explored. The presented procedure started with drawing a sample of 810 seed particles, consisting of 400 that were intact, 400 manually damaged and 10 damaged by worms. Then the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to reduce the dimensions of air-coupling ultrasonic information and extract the top ten principal components. Finally, a KNN decision tree by using SIMCA software and a Fisher recognition model by using MATLAB software were constructed. The pattern recognition was established by using KNN, which has the most accurate recognition rate. The correct recognition rate of modeling for the front and back data of the intact particles was 98% and 100%, respectively; and for the manually damaged particles, 99% and 97%, respectively. The results show that the model developed by using air-coupled ultrasonic data can classify corn seed particles both with and without holes to provide a basis for the development of a seed selection system, which has a significant role in improving the clarity and the germination rate.
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FFLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Physalis angulata var. villosa, rich in withanolides, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for many years. To date, few extensive molecular studies of this plant have been conducted. In ...the present study, the plastome of P. angulata var. villosa was sequenced, characterized and compared with that of other Physalis species, and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted in the family Solanaceae. The plastome of P. angulata var. villosa was 156,898 bp in length with a GC content of 37.52%, and exhibited a quadripartite structure typical of land plants, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC, 87,108 bp) region, a small single-copy (SSC, 18,462 bp) region and a pair of inverted repeats (IR: IRA and IRB, 25,664 bp each). The plastome contained 131 genes, of which 114 were unique and 17 were duplicated in IR regions. The genome consisted of 85 protein-coding genes, eight rRNA genes and 38 tRNA genes. A total of 38 long, repeat sequences of three types were identified in the plastome, of which forward repeats had the highest frequency. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) analysis revealed a total of 57 SSRs, of which the T mononucleotide constituted the majority, with most of SSRs being located in the intergenic spacer regions. Comparative genomic analysis among nine Physalis species revealed that the single-copy regions were less conserved than the pair of inverted repeats, with most of the variation being found in the intergenic spacer regions rather than in the coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between Physalis and Withania. In addition, Iochroma, Dunalia, Saracha and Eriolarynx were paraphyletic, and clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. Our study published the first sequence and assembly of the plastome of P. angulata var. villosa, reported its basic resources for evolutionary studies and provided an important tool for evaluating the phylogenetic relationship within the family Solanaceae.
Heavy metal toxicity is a serious constraint to orchids. Anoectochilus genus plants, important natural source for various active ingredients, are greatly sensitive to abiotic stress. To reveal the ...response mechanism of Anoectochilus genus to heavy metal stress, the transcriptomes of A. roxburghii seedlings under cadmium (Cd2+) treatment were analyzed. In total, seven heavy-metal-associated P1B-type ATPase (HMA) family genes were detected in A. roxburghii, including two Cd2+ treatment inducible HMA genes (ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1). ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 contained classic ‘E2-E2 ATPase’ and ‘Hydrolase’ domains. Heterologous expression of ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 into the cadmium-sensitive yeast mutant strain (Δycf1) confirmed that ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 might play roles in the tolerance of yeast to Cd2+ stress. To screen their regulators, promoter sequences of ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 were cloned, and several MYB and bHLH transcription factor (TF) recognition elements were identified in their promoter regions. Furthermore, two Cd2+-induced TFs, ArMYB44.1 and ArbHLH28, were identified. Both in vitro and in vivo assays confirmed that ArMYB44.1 and ArbHLH28 functioned in Cd2+ tolerance by up-regulating the expression of ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 genes. Our data revealed novel regulatory mechanism underlying the responses to Cd2+ stress and contributed to the breeding of orchids with greater environmental adaptability.
•Two heavy-metal-associated P1B-type ATPases were identified from Anoectochilus roxburghii.•ArHMA2 and ArHMA5.1 enhanced the Cd2+ tolerance of yeast cells.•Two Cd2+ tolerance-related TFs, ArMYB44.1 and ArbHLH28, were identified.•Our data revealed novel mechanism underlying the Cd2+ stress responses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The aim of the current study was to review the current state and characteristics of the elderly population in China in the context of aging, difficulties and challenges faced by older people, and ...efforts of the current Chinese Government in this area. The process of population aging in China began to accelerate in the late 1970s and has continued to increase at a rate of about 3.2% per year since then. This process took more than 45 years in developed countries, while it took only about 27 years in China, and aging may continue to increase for a long time. China is now moving toward a superannuated society due to declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy. There is a great need for care due to the high disease burden among older people. However, more than 1 million "families have lost their only child", and this number is increasing annually by about 76,000; moreover, there are a large number of "deficient families with an injured family member" in China. These families face greater difficulties due to aging and need to rely on society for more support given the lack of care provided by their children or spouses. The current study has focused on improving the quality of life of older people, helping them achieve healthy aging, and to assist the country in further providing care for the elderly.
Full text
Available for:
IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The photonic crystal fiber filled with high thermal coefficient mixed liquid was used as temperature sensor carrier. According to the power and order of output Stokes pulse, the temperature and its ...distribution information could be demodulated, which was different with traditional distributing temperature sensor. When the diameter of the four layers air holes was 0.9Λ (Λ is the distance between two centres of two adjacent holes), the arrangement of air hole was set as hexagonal and the volume ratio of alcohol and chloroform was 1 : 1, the temperature resolution was the highest. Power measurement equipment only needs to reach 18 dB in the resolution. It was shown that in precision the new mechanism were increased about 160 times than the traditional demodulation that temperature change was demodulated through the Brillouin frequency shift. A certain theoretical basis for developing temperature sensing equipment with higher precision degree in the future was provided.
