Various fields of study consider MXene a revolutionary 2D material. Particularly in the field of sensors, the metal‐like high electrical conductivity and large surface area of MXenes are desirable ...characteristics as an alternative sensor material that can transcend the boundaries of existing sensor technology. This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in MXene‐based sensor technology and a roadmap for commercializing MXene‐based sensors. The existing sensors are systematically categorized as chemical, biological, and physical sensors. Each category is then classified into various subcategories depending on the electrical, electrochemical, structural, or optical sensing mechanism, which are the four fundamental working mechanisms of sensors. Representative structural and electrical approaches for boosting the performance of each category are presented. Finally, factors that hinder commercializing MXene‐based sensors are discussed, and several breakthroughs in realizing commercially available MXene‐based sensors are suggested. This review provides broad insights pertaining to previous and existing MXene‐based sensor technology and perspectives on the future generation of low‐cost, high‐performance, and multimodal sensors for soft‐electronics applications.
Metal‐like electrical conductivity and a large MXene surface area are desirable characteristics for alternative sensor material. An overview of recent advances in MXene‐based sensor technology that utilize the beneficial properties of MXenes is offered. Insights into low‐cost, high‐performance MXene‐based sensors for next generation soft‐electronics applications are also provided.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a promising treatment modality for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). We evaluated the clinical outcomes of SBRT in patients with LAPC.
We ...retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with LAPC who underwent SBRT at our institution between April 2011 and July 2016. Fiducial markers were implanted using endoscopic ultrasound guidance one week prior to 4-dimensional computed tomography (CT) simulation and daily cone beam CT was used for image guidance. Patients received volumetric modulated arc therapy or intensity modulated radiotherapy using respiratory gating technique. A median dose of 28 Gy (range, 24-36 Gy) was given over four consecutive fractions delivered within one week. Survival outcomes including freedom from local disease progression (FFLP), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. Acute and late toxicities related to SBRT were assessed.
A total of 95 patients with LAPC were analyzed, 52 of which (54.7%) had pancreatic head cancers. Most (94.7%) had received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. The 1-year FFLP rate was 80.1%. Median OS and PFS were 16.7 months and 10.2 months, respectively; the 1-year OS and PFS rates were 67.4% and 42.9%, respectively. Among 79 patients who experienced failure, the sites of first failures were isolated local progressions in 12 patients (15.2%), distant metastasis in 55 patients (69.6%), and both in 12 patients (15.2%). Seven patients (7.4%) were able to undergo surgical resection after SBRT and four had margin-negative resections. Three patients (3.2%) had grade 3 nausea/vomiting during SBRT, and late grade 3 toxicity was observed in another three patients.
LAPC patients who received chemotherapy and SBRT had favorable FFLP and OS with minimal treatment-related toxicity. The most common pattern of failure was distant metastasis, which warrants further studies on the optimal scheme of chemotherapy and SBRT.
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Clinical applications of ginger with an expectation of clinical benefits are receiving significant attention. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion in terms of the ...clinical effects of ginger in all reported areas. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline, randomized controlled trials on the effects of ginger were investigated. Accordingly, 109 eligible papers were fully extracted in terms of study design, population characteristics, evaluation systems, adverse effects, and main outcomes. The reporting quality of the included studies was assessed based on the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials and integrated together with studies that investigated the same subjects. The included studies that examined the improvement of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, inflammation, metabolic syndromes, digestive function, and colorectal cancer's markers were consistently supported, whereas other expected functions were relatively controversial. Nevertheless, only 43 clinical trials (39.4%) met the criterion of having a 'high quality of evidence.' In addition to the quality assessment result, small populations and unstandardized evaluation systems were the observed shortcomings in ginger clinical trials. Further studies with adequate designs are warranted to validate the reported clinical functions of ginger.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in arteries, leading to narrowing and thrombosis. It affects the heart, brain, and peripheral vessels and is the leading ...cause of mortality in the United States. Researchers have strived to design nanomaterials of various functions, ranging from non-invasive imaging contrast agents, targeted therapeutic delivery systems to multifunctional nanoagents able to target, diagnose, and treat atherosclerosis. Therefore, this review aims to summarize recent progress (2017-now) in the development of nanomaterials and their applications to improve atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy during the preclinical and clinical stages of the disease.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Indium phosphide (InP) quantum dots (QDs) are in an unrivaled position in photoluminescence (PL) performances particularly for green and red color over other heavy‐metal‐free QD visible emitters. ...Herein, based on InP cores synthesized using an easy‐to‐handle, safe aminophosphine precursor, unprecedented bright, narrow emissivity is demonstrated synergically by optimizing double shelling scheme and Ga treatment. Two comparative double shells of ZnSe0.5S0.5/ZnS versus ZnSe/ZnS are generated on green‐emissive InP cores, yielding better PL outcomes with respect to PL quantum yield (QY) and full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) from the latter scheme over the former one. With an intent to further enhance emissivity, incorporation of Ga onto InP cores in the course of ZnSe inner shelling is newly devised. Properly Ga‐treated InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs, where Ga is presumed to play a beneficial role in removing surface P dangling bond of InP core, produce a near‐unity PLQY (97%) and narrow FWHM of 37 nm. The similar effectiveness is also verified in red InP/ZnSe/ZnS heterostructure, clearly indicating that Ga treatment is a viable, valid strategy toward bright emissivity in the InP QD system.
Based on green‐emissive InP cores synthesized with an aminophosphine precursor, unprecedented bright, narrow emissivity is demonstrated. Double‐shelled quantum dots of InP/ZnSe/ZnS with a photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) of 92% is further subjected to a novel Ga treatment, resulting in a near‐unity QY of 97% due to the proper passivation of surface P dangling bond of InP core.
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The doping of transition metal ions, such as Cu
and Mn
into a quantum dot (QD) host is one of the useful strategies in tuning its photoluminescence (PL). This study reports on a two-step synthesis of ...Cu-doped InP QDs double-shelled with ZnSe inner shell/ZnS outer shell. As a consequence of the double shelling-associated effective surface passivation along with optimal doping concentrations, Cu-doped InP/ZnSe/ZnS (InP:Cu/ZnSe/ZnS) QDs yield single Cu dopant-related emissions with high PL quantum yields of 57-58%. This study further attempted to tune PL of Cu-doped QDs through the variation of InP core size, which was implemented by adopting different types of Zn halide used in core synthesis. As the first application of doped InP QDs as electroluminescent (EL) emitters, two representative InP:Cu/ZnSe/ZnS QDs with different Cu concentrations were then employed as active emitting layers of all-solution-processed, multilayered QD-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with the state-of-the-art hybrid combination of organic hole transport layer plus inorganic electron transport layers. The EL performances, such as luminance and efficiencies of the resulting QLEDs with different Cu doping concentrations, were compared and discussed.
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Research direction of colloidal quantum dot (QD)-based LEDs (QLEDs), whose performance has substantially progressed over last two decades, has been oriented mostly to the fabrication of ...next-generation, high-color gamut display devices particularly based on Cd-containing QDs, while their extension to solid-state planar lighting application remains nearly unexplored. In this work, we report on all-solution-processed fabrication of group I–III–VI chalcogenide, non-Cd QDs-based high-efficiency white lighting electroluminescent (EL) devices. For this, using Zn–Cu–Ga–S (ZCGS) QD emitters having a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of 80% a multilayered blue QLED consisting of poly(9-vinylcarbazole) hole transport layer (HTL) and Mg-alloyed ZnO nanoparticle electron transport layer (ETL) is first fabricated, showing a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.1%. Then, white QLEDs containing a mixture of blue ZCGS and yellow Cu–In–S QDs as a single emitting layer (EML) are constructed with the same HTL/ETL combination as above. White EL spectral distribution is facilely tunable simply by varying ZCGS-to-CIS QD content ratio in the EML of white EL device. The optimum white QLED not only generates the peak quantities of 2172 cd/m2 in luminance and 4.6% in EQE, corresponding to the record values ever reported in non-Cd white EL devices, but exhibits high color rendering index up to 82.
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•Highly fluorescent non-Cd I−III−VI emitters of blue ZCGS and yellow CIS QDs were synthesized.•ZCGS QD-based blue EL device yielded the maximum EQE of 7.1%.•Bichromatic white QLED integrated purely with I−III−VI QD emitters exhibited the maximum EQE of 4.6%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study evaluated the prognostic ability of lactate normalization achieved within 6 and 24 h from septic shock recognition. Data from a septic shock registry from October 2015 to February 2017 ...were reviewed. The study included 2,102 eligible septic shock patients to analyze the prognostic ability of lactate normalization, defined as a follow-up lactate level <2 mmol/L within six hours of bundle therapy and within 24 hours of delayed normalization. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The overall 28-day mortality rate was 21.4%. The rates of lactate normalization within 6 and 24 h were significantly higher in the survivor groups than in the non-survivor group (42.4% vs. 23.4% and 60.2% vs. 31.2%; P<0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that both 6- and 24-h lactate normalization were independent predictors (odds ratio OR 0.58, 95% confidence interval CI 0.45-0.75, p<0.001 and OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33-0.54, p<0.001, respectively). When we could not achieve the lactate normalization, the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value to predict mortality were 76.6%, 42.4%, 26.5% and 87.0% respectively for 6-h normalization, and 68.8%, 60.2%, 32.0% and 87.7% respectively for 24-h normalization. Besides 6-h lactate normalization, 24-h delayed lactate normalization was associated with decreasing mortality in septic shock patients. Lactate normalization may have a role in early risk stratification and as a therapeutic target.
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In this work, a highly retentive and synaptic‐functional transistor memory device architecture based on the gate‐deterministic remote doping of graphene via surface‐oxidized Ti3C2TX MXene ...nano‐floating‐gates (NFG) is presented. By using solution‐phase size‐sorting followed by controlled surface oxidation process, a regulated distribution of MXene nanoflakes comprising metallic Ti3C2TX as the core surrounded by TiO2‐a high dielectric constant insulator‐as the shell is achieved. The size‐sorted core/shell‐like MXene nanoflakes show a self‐sustainable charge trapping/detrapping behavior, which is highly feasible for realizing non‐embed NFGs for transistor memory devices. Interestingly, unlike the conventional NFG‐embedded architecture, the introduction of core/shell‐like MXene under an electrolyte‐gated graphene field‐effect transistor (GFET) architecture induces a cooperative evolution of the hysteresis loop associated with ionic motion in the electrolyte gates and charge trapping/detrapping in the nanoflakes, resulting in a deterministic remote doping of the graphene layer. The resulting device exhibited a highly retentive memory behavior, which can be optimized by the nanoflake size distribution. In addition, synaptic functions having mechanical flexibility can be successfully emulated using MXene‐based GFETs fabricated on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate.
A highly retentive memory device based on a nonembedded nano‐floating‐gate is developed using size‐sorted core/shell‐like MXene nanoflakes. The introduction of core/shell‐like MXene under an electrolyte‐gated graphene field‐effect transistor architecture induces deterministic remote doping of the graphene layer via their self‐sustainable charge trapping/detrapping properties.
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In typical color-by-blue mode-based quantum dot (QD) display devices, only part of the blue excitation light is absorbed by QD emitters, thus it is accompanied by the leakage of blue light through ...the devices. To address this issue, we offer, for the first time, the applicability of AuAg alloy nanoparticles (NPs) as effective blue light absorbers in InP QD-based color-by-blue platforms. For this, high-quality fluorescent green and red InP QDs with a double shell scheme of ZnSe/ZnS were synthesized and embedded in a transparent polymer film. Separately, a series of Au/Ag ratio-varied AuAg NPs with tunable plasmonic absorption peaks were synthesized. Among them, AuAg NPs possessing the most appropriate absorption peak with respect to spectral overlap with blue emission are chosen for the subsequent preparation of AuAg NP polymeric films with varied NP concentrations. A stack of AuAg NP polymeric film on top of InP QD film is then placed remotely on a blue light-emitting diode, successfully resulting in systematically progressive suppression of blue light leakage with increasing AuAg NP concentration. Furthermore, the beneficial function of the AuAg NP polymeric overlayer in mitigating undesirable QD excitation upon exposure to ambient lights was further examined.
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